Overview
Dermatology is a medical specialty concerned with the structure, function and diseases of the skin and its appendages. It is commonly described as a branch of medicine that manages conditions affecting the skin, hair, nails and sweat and oil glands. Dermatologists evaluate symptoms that range from rashes and infections to chronic inflammatory disorders and tumors.
Structure and common conditions
The skin is the body’s largest organ and has multiple layers and cell types that determine appearance and function. Common clinical problems include acne, eczema (atopic dermatitis), psoriasis, fungal and viral infections, alopecia (hair loss), nail disorders and skin cancers. Because the skin is visible, many conditions have social and psychological impacts in addition to physical symptoms.
Diagnosis and treatments
Diagnosis in dermatology relies on clinical examination, dermoscopy, biopsy and laboratory tests. Treatment options span topical medications, systemic drugs (including immunomodulators), phototherapy, minor and major surgical procedures and cosmetic interventions. Typical approaches include:
- Diagnostic tools: skin biopsy, dermatoscopy, patch testing
- Medical therapy: emollients, corticosteroids, retinoids, biologics
- Procedures: excisions, Mohs surgery for certain tumors, cryotherapy, laser therapy
Subspecialties and training
Subspecialties include pediatric dermatology, dermatopathology, procedural and surgical dermatology, cosmetic dermatology and immunodermatology. Dermatologists are physicians who complete medical school and specialist training before practicing.
History, importance and distinctions
Dermatology evolved as a distinct specialty with advances in microscopy, pathology and therapy. It plays a key public-health role in skin cancer prevention and occupational skin disease management. Distinctions matter: dermatologists are medically trained doctors; cosmetologists and estheticians provide nonmedical skincare services. For more clinical guidelines and patient resources see diseases and tumors.