Overview
The spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) is a large waterbird found across parts of South and Southeast Asia. It is primarily associated with shallow freshwater lakes, swamps, reservoirs and sheltered coastal areas. The species is named for the dark markings that occur on the tip of its bill.
Description and behaviour
Spot-billed pelicans are robust birds with pale plumage and a distinctive bare patch of skin around the eyes. In flight they show broad wings and a characteristic folded-neck posture like other pelicans. Their large gular pouch is used to scoop up fish; feeding typically involves solitary or small-group foraging in shallow water, though colonies may feed in the same general area.
Habitat and distribution
They breed and feed in inland wetlands and calm coastal lagoons across southern Asia. Breeding populations occur from parts of the Indian subcontinent through Sri Lanka and into portions of Southeast Asia, with records as far west as southern Pakistan. The species favours shallow, fish-rich waters and nearby trees for nesting.
Breeding and lifecycle
Spot-billed pelicans are colonial breeders. Nests are typically bulky heaps of vegetation placed in trees close to water, although in some sites colonies use low shrubs or islets. A normal clutch contains around three or four eggs. Both parents contribute to nest building, incubation and feeding of the young, which are dependent on adults for several weeks before fledging.
Ecological role and conservation
As a piscivorous bird, the spot-billed pelican plays a role in wetland food webs and is often considered an indicator of wetland health. Populations have been affected by habitat loss, disturbance of colonies, water pollution and declines in fish stocks. Conservation efforts focus on protecting breeding colonies, maintaining wetland habitats and reducing human disturbance.
Identification notes
- Look for pale body with a long bill and a pouch used for scooping fish.
- Dark spots or markings on the bill tip give the species its common name.
- Breeds colonially in trees close to shallow waters; typical clutch size is three to four eggs.