The Rajya Sabha, commonly called the Council of States, is the upper chamber of the Parliament of India. Established by the Constitution as a federal body, it represents the states and certain Union territories in the national legislature. Unlike the directly elected lower house, the Rajya Sabha provides continuity and revising capacity because it is not subject to dissolution.
Composition and membership
The Constitution provides for a maximum membership of 250. Of these, up to twelve members are appointed by the President of India in recognition of distinguished contributions to literature, science, art, and social service; the remainder are elected by the elected members of the state and territorial legislatures. Members serve staggered six-year terms, with roughly one third retiring every two years.
Election method and officers
State representatives are chosen by their legislative assemblies through proportional representation using a single transferable vote, which allows parties and groups to win seats in rough proportion to their strength. The Vice‑President of India serves as the ex‑officio Chair of the Rajya Sabha; a Deputy Chair is elected from among the members to preside in the Chair's absence.
Functions and powers
The Rajya Sabha shares legislative authority with the Lok Sabha, including debating and passing ordinary laws. It has special roles: it is a revising chamber that can suggest amendments, it cannot be dissolved, and it can, by a special majority, empower Parliament to legislate on state subjects during national interest. Money bills, however, originate in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha can only recommend changes within a limited period.
Role in federal balance and public life
As a body that brings state viewpoints into national legislation, the Rajya Sabha is meant to protect federal interests and provide a forum for more experienced or specialist legislators. Nominated members often enrich debates with expertise from the arts, sciences and public service. The chamber's powers and composition make it an important check in India's bicameral system.
Notable distinctions
- The Rajya Sabha is a permanent chamber; it is not subject to dissolution.
- Membership combines indirect election by legislatures and presidential nomination for eminent citizens.
- It can authorize Parliament to make laws on state matters by a two‑thirds special majority.
For more detailed procedural and historical information consult official sources on the structure and functioning of the Rajya Sabha and the broader Parliament. Legislative processes and membership rules are set out in the Constitution and in the house's own rules of procedure.