Overview

Hiiu County (Estonian: Hiiu maakond) is one of the fifteen counties of Estonia. It is the country’s smallest county by both area and population and consists primarily of the island of Hiiumaa, Estonia’s second-largest island, together with a scattering of smaller islets. Kärdla is the county’s principal settlement and administrative centre.

Geography and natural environment

The landscape combines rocky and sandy coasts, long beaches, coastal meadows, wetlands and mixed forests. Prominent headlands and peninsulas create a varied shoreline with many bays and natural harbours. The island’s relatively low population density has helped preserve habitats that support migratory birds, seals and a range of native plants.

History and culture

Hiiumaa’s human presence stretches back centuries; its location in the Baltic Sea gave it a long maritime tradition. Over time the island experienced Baltic, Scandinavian and German influences reflected in place names, architecture and seafaring customs. Local culture emphasizes folk music, handicrafts and seasonal celebrations tied to rural life and the sea.

Administration, economy and conservation

Following modern administrative reforms the county is administered as a single rural municipality covering the island and nearby islets. The economy relies on small-scale agriculture, fishing, forestry, local services and growing tourism. Several nature reserves and protected areas conserve coastal meadows, old-growth stands and important bird corridors.

Transport and tourism

Visitors reach Hiiumaa by regular ferry links to the mainland and by scheduled flights to Kärdla Airport. Roads and local transport connect villages, lighthouses and nature trails. Popular attractions include historic lighthouses, traditional fishing villages, quiet beaches and walking routes through diverse coastal and forest habitats.

Notable facts

  • Smallest Estonian county in both land area and population.
  • Strong maritime heritage with several historically important lighthouses.
  • Valued for intact natural habitats and opportunities for birdwatching and low‑impact tourism.

For further reading and official information see regional resources and visitor guides linked by local authorities and tourism offices.