Overview

Goy (Hebrew: גוי, pronounced goy) is a Hebrew word that literally means "nation". In the Hebrew Bible it is used as a general term for peoples and nations, and therefore can refer to Israel or to other nations depending on context. The common plural form is goyim. Over time the word developed additional senses in Jewish texts and in everyday language.

Historical development

In Biblical usage, goy functions as a neutral designation for a political or ethnic group. During the Second Temple and Roman periods and later in rabbinic literature, the term increasingly came to denote non-Jewish nations or peoples in contrast to the Jewish people. That semantic shift is reflected in later Hebrew and in translations of Jewish texts into other languages.

Modern and colloquial uses

In Modern Hebrew goy can mean "non-Jew" as well as "nation" in certain idioms. In Yiddish and English usage the word is typically used to mean a non-Jewish person. Depending on tone and context it may be neutral, descriptive, or occasionally pejorative. Readers seeking general information about non-Jewish groups can consult resources described as non-Jewish.

The standard singular is goy and the irregular plural is goyim. Yiddish and English derived forms include goyish or goyishe, used as adjectives. Because the word is masculine in Hebrew, feminine forms are uncommon in traditional usage; speakers more often use other constructions when gender is relevant.

Distinctions and usage guidance

  • Goy vs. gentile: "Gentile" is an English term with similar meaning but different linguistic roots (Latin). Both can be used descriptively.
  • Context matters: Biblical, rabbinic, and conversational usages carry different connotations and registers.
  • Tone: Because the word can be used neutrally or offensively, attentive speakers avoid pejorative contexts and consider audience and intent.

As with many ethnoreligious terms, precise meaning and acceptability depend on historical context, community norms, and the speaker's intent. The word "goy" remains a widely recognized term for discussing nations, identity, and the boundary between Jewish and non-Jewish communities.