The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) is the authoritative federal repository for names and location information about physical and cultural geographic features in the United States and its Territories. The database contains more than two million feature records and is maintained through a cooperative program of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN). GNIS supports consistent naming and location details across maps, government publications, and data systems.
What GNIS records
Each GNIS entry typically includes a feature name, a feature class (type), geographic coordinates, elevation when applicable, county and state, variant or historical names, the name of the topographic map on which the feature appears, and a unique identifier. That identifier enables reliable cross-referencing between GNIS and other datasets used in planning, research, and technology.
Scope and examples
GNIS covers a broad range of feature types, both natural and human-made. Examples include:
- Natural features: streams, summits, lakes, and valleys.
- Built or cultural features: populated places, schools, churches, cemeteries, dams, and parks.
- Administrative and cartographic entries that support federal and local mapping activities.
History, governance and purpose
The GNIS was established to promote standardization of geographic names in the United States. The Board on Geographic Names adjudicates official names and naming decisions, while the USGS compiles, organizes, and distributes the data. By recording variant and historical names alongside the approved form, GNIS preserves naming history and helps users interpret legacy documents and maps.
Uses and importance
GNIS is widely used for cartography, navigation, emergency response, environmental science, historical research, and geospatial software development. Standardized names and coordinates reduce ambiguity in communication and data exchange among federal, state, and local agencies, as well as private organizations.
Access and data services
The GNIS database is publicly accessible and is offered through searchable web interfaces, web services, and downloadable datasets maintained by the USGS. Data consumers can query records by name, feature type, or location, and incorporate GNIS identifiers into geographic information systems to enhance interoperability. For coverage and access options see the official GNIS pages provided by the managing agencies and related resources covering the United States and its Territories (coverage overview, USGS services, BGN guidance).
Notable facts: GNIS is the domestic standard for federal use, but it is distinct from international naming authorities; local usages or nonfederal sources may differ. By combining authoritative names with variant entries and persistent identifiers, GNIS serves as a central reference that supports consistent mapping, data sharing, and historical documentation.