Syndication is a method of distributing television programs, radio shows, columns and other content by licensing it to multiple independent outlets rather than airing it exclusively on a single network. In television, a syndicated program is one that appears on stations other than — or in addition to — the network that originally produced or premiered it. Syndication can also refer to programs created specifically to be sold to many broadcasters rather than produced for a single network schedule.

Common types of syndication

  • Off‑network (rerun) syndication: Programs that first aired on a network are rebroadcast by local stations or cable channels. Classic sitcoms and dramas often enter this market once enough episodes exist to be scheduled regularly.
  • First‑run syndication: Shows produced specifically to be sold directly to stations; examples include game shows, talk shows and some dramas. These may appear in different time slots on different stations.
  • Barter and cash deals: Stations either pay cash for rights or accept advertising inventory in exchange for airing the program. Many syndication agreements use hybrid arrangements.

Syndicated programs are typically sold to individual broadcasters, such as local affiliates and independent outlets, rather than being centrally cleared across a single network. For a description of a network, see television network; for the buyers of syndication packages, see television stations.

Historical development

Syndication has roots in early radio distribution and expanded with television in the mid‑20th century. As television production increased, syndication became a vital secondary market: successful shows could earn continuing revenue long after first broadcast. The industry also developed informal benchmarks for syndication viability; historically, programs that amassed many episodes were easier to sell broadly because stations could schedule them without frequent repeats.

Uses and significance

Syndication supports multiple goals: it extends a program's audience, provides steady revenue for producers and distributors, and supplies local stations with reliable programming. For producers and talent, hit syndicated reruns or first‑run packages can be highly lucrative. For viewers, syndication makes popular content available at different times and in different markets.

Distinctions and modern context

Syndication differs from network broadcasting in its decentralized sales model and from streaming licensing in its platform and often in terms of exclusivity and ad arrangements. In the streaming era, traditional syndication coexists with new licensing practices: some shows still generate income through classic broadcast syndication while others are licensed exclusively to streaming services.

Notable examples and facts

  • Many long‑running game and talk shows have been successful in first‑run syndication.
  • Popular network series such as sitcoms and dramas often earn new life and revenue through off‑network reruns.
  • Syndication remains a key part of the television business, shaping schedules, revenues and cultural reach long after a show's original run.