Hip replacement (hip arthroplasty)

Components and how it works

The artificial hip typically has three main parts: a femoral stem that fits into the thigh bone, a rounded head that replaces the ball of the femur, and an acetabular component that lines the pelvis socket. These parts may be made from combinations of metal, ceramic and high-density plastic (polyethylene). The choice of materials and design affects wear characteristics, stability and expected lifespan.

Indications, types and approaches

Common reasons for hip replacement include osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis, hip fractures and avascular necrosis. Surgical options range from total hip replacement (both socket and ball replaced) to hemiarthroplasty (only the femoral side) and resurfacing procedures. Surgeons use different approaches—posterior, lateral or anterior—each with trade-offs in exposure, muscle handling and early recovery. For arthritis-related causes see arthritis resources.

The operation is performed under regional or general anesthesia. Typical care includes a short hospital stay, pain control, blood clot prevention and an early supervised rehabilitation program to restore strength and gait. Many patients can resume most daily activities within weeks; formal physiotherapy and follow-up help optimize outcomes. Practical recovery and home care guidance are often provided by clinics and online resources such as postoperative care guides.

Risks include infection, blood clots, dislocation, leg-length difference, implant loosening and long-term wear. Most implants provide durable relief for many years; some last 15–20 years or longer, though younger, more active patients are more likely to need revision surgery later in life.

Historically, modern hip replacement was developed in the mid-20th century and became a transformative procedure for disabling hip disease. It remains one of the most commonly performed and effective orthopedic operations, significantly improving mobility and quality of life for many people.

• Uses: relieve chronic joint pain, restore function, treat fractures.
• Considerations: implant material, patient age, activity level, surgical approach.
• Long-term: periodic monitoring for wear and function; revision possible.