Arthritis: causes, types, symptoms and management

Common types and characteristics

There are many forms of arthritis. Osteoarthritis, the most common, involves gradual wear of joint cartilage. Autoimmune forms such as rheumatoid arthritis produce joint inflammation and systemic symptoms. Other examples include psoriatic arthritis, gout, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Each type differs in how it begins, which joints it affects, and the pattern of symptoms.

Causes and risk factors

Several factors increase the likelihood of developing arthritis: aging, previous joint injury, genetic predisposition, obesity, repetitive stress on a joint, and some infections. Autoimmune mechanisms underlie inflammatory types. Metabolic disturbances can cause crystal-induced arthritis such as gout. Understanding the underlying cause guides treatment.

Signs, diagnosis and tests

Typical symptoms include joint pain, swelling, warmth, stiffness after rest, and reduced range of motion. Doctors evaluate medical history and perform physical exams, blood tests for inflammation or autoantibodies, and imaging such as X-rays or MRI to assess joint damage. Diagnosis aims to identify the specific type and severity.

Treatment and management

There is no single cure for all arthritic conditions, but many strategies relieve symptoms and slow progression. Options include exercise and physical therapy, weight control, pain-relief medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, disease-modifying agents for autoimmune forms, and sometimes joint injections or surgery. Self-care, assistive devices, and education are important for daily function.

History, impact and notable facts

Descriptions of joint disease appear in ancient medical texts and on archaeological remains. The term combines Greek roots meaning joint (arthro-) and inflammation (-itis). Arthritis is a leading cause of disability worldwide and affects quality of life, work ability and mobility. Early recognition and tailored management can improve outcomes.

For more general overviews see a summary of conditions, basic anatomy of the joints, or definitions of inflammatory processes. Each resource can help distinguish types and available care approaches.