Golf: rules, equipment, courses, history, and competitive formats

Course anatomy and equipment

A typical course includes several distinct areas: the teeing ground, fairway, rough, hazards (such as bunkers and water), and the green. Each hole has a par rating—an expected number of strokes for a skilled player. Course design varies widely, from inland links to parkland layouts, influencing playing strategy and difficulty.

• Clubs: Modern players carry a set of clubs including woods (for long shots), irons (versatile mid-range clubs), wedges (for short/high shots and bunker play) and a putter (for use on the green).
• Balls and tees: Golf balls are designed for distance and control; tee pegs raise the ball slightly for the initial stroke on each hole.

Play, scoring and common terms

Scoring is cumulative in stroke play or hole-by-hole in match play. Standard scoring terms include par (expected strokes), birdie (one under par), eagle (two under), and bogey (one over). Accurate putting and strategic club selection are crucial skills. Rules govern play, penalty situations, and etiquette to ensure fairness and pace.

History and governance

Modern golf developed in Scotland and grew into an organized sport over centuries. Clubs and governing bodies later codified rules and organized competitions. National and international bodies maintain the official rules, equipment standards and championship schedules.

Formats and cultural importance

Golf is played recreationally, competitively and professionally. Common formats include stroke play and match play, while team and mixed formats are also popular. Professional tours and major championships attract global audiences, and the sport is featured in multi-sport events. Golf blends physical skill, mental strategy and course management, contributing to its long-standing popularity worldwide.