College Board (U.S. educational testing organization)

History and development

Founded in 1900 as the College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB), the group was created to bring consistency to college admissions testing. Over the 20th century its role expanded: it launched the Advanced Placement program in the mid-1950s to offer college-level coursework in high schools, introduced other assessments such as the PSAT and CLEP, and developed resources to help students plan for college. Testing formats, scoring and delivery methods have evolved over time in response to educational research, technology and policy trends.

Major programs and tests

• SAT — a college admissions exam measuring reading, writing and math aptitude; schools and colleges use scores as one factor among many.
• Advanced Placement (AP) — subject exams and associated classroom curricula that can lead to college credit or placement.
• PSAT/NMSQT — a preliminary test that can qualify students for National Merit recognition and practice for the SAT.
• CLEP — exams for earning college credit by demonstrating proficiency in specific subjects.

Uses and significance

Scores and program results from the College Board are used for admissions, placement and scholarship decisions by hundreds of colleges and universities. AP exam scores can translate into college credit or advanced standing; PSAT performance can affect scholarship opportunities. The organization also provides data and counseling tools intended to support access to higher education.

Structure, criticism and change

Although organized as a nonprofit association of schools and colleges, the College Board has faced public scrutiny over fees, access and the role of standardized testing in admissions. In recent years many institutions adopted test-optional policies and the organization has adjusted services and formats in response, including updates to testing technology and digital delivery. For specific details about the SAT format see SAT information.