Cleat (shoe studs) — traction devices for footwear

Design, materials and parts

Cleats vary by shape, length, and material. Common constructions use rubber or plastic molded lugs, metal or polymer screw-in studs, and combinations designed for durability and weight reduction. The stud pattern and sole stiffness influence traction, release and comfort. Some systems allow replacement of individual studs; others are integral to the outsole.

Types and common uses

• Molded cleats: short lugs molded into athletic soles for firm ground.
• Screw-in studs: metal or hard plastic studs used in wet or muddy conditions.
• Turf shoes: many small nubs for artificial surfaces and firm ground.
• Ice cleats/crampons: detachable spikes or metal points for walking on ice or steep snow.

Cleats are widely used in sports such as baseball and various codes of football, as well as in rugby, soccer, trail running, and mountaineering. Outdoor workers and hikers may wear cleated footwear for safety on uneven or frozen terrain.

History and development

The idea of adding projections to footwear to improve grip is ancient, evolving from early wooden or leather soles with roughened surfaces into purpose-built metal and synthetic studs. Industrial advances introduced interchangeable systems and lightweight composites. Modern performance demands from athletes and safety regulations have driven ongoing refinement in stud geometry and materials.

Maintenance, safety and regulations

Cleat selection must match surface conditions to balance grip with the ability to release the ground safely; improper cleats increase injury risk. Many sports governing bodies restrict stud materials, length and placement to protect players and playing surfaces. Proper care—tightening screw-in studs, replacing worn lugs, and cleaning debris—extends service life and maintains predictable performance.

Notable distinctions

Distinguishing factors include permanent versus removable studs, soft-ground versus firm-ground designs, and specialized forms such as crampons for ice. Choice depends on the surface, activity and governing rules. For practical guidance on footwear and stud selection, consult manufacturer recommendations and sport-specific regulations or resources like guides to slippery surface traction.