Chilika Lake: major brackish-water lagoon of India's east coast

Characteristics

Chilika contains a mosaic of habitats: open water, mudflats, marshes and small islands. Salinity varies across the lagoon and seasonally, producing zones that support different plants and animals. The lake is shallow, supports extensive fisheries and provides nursery grounds for important coastal species. One of its central islands is maintained as a bird sanctuary and attracts large numbers of waterbirds.

History and management

The lagoon has long been vital to surrounding communities for fish, crab and reed harvests and for safe harbors. Over decades, natural sedimentation and human activities altered the lake’s connection to the sea, affecting fisheries and bird concentrations. State and local authorities have since implemented engineering and ecological measures to restore tidal flow and manage resources, while balancing livelihood needs and conservation goals.

Ecological and economic importance

• Important habitat for resident and migratory waterbirds—many visitors arrive seasonally to feed and breed.
• Supports commercial and subsistence fisheries that sustain coastal villages.
• Home to charismatic fauna such as coastal dolphin species and diverse fish and crustacean populations.

Conservation and threats

Chilika is recognized for its international wetland value and is managed as a multiple-use landscape. Ongoing pressures include siltation, pollution, unregulated fishing and the impacts of coastal development and climate variability. Conservation efforts combine habitat protection, regulated fishing, monitoring and community participation to maintain the lagoon’s productivity and biodiversity.

Notable distinctions

The lake is widely cited as the largest brackish-water lagoon on India’s east coast and is considered a key coastal wetland in the region. It illustrates the complex trade-offs of conserving a productive natural system that also supports dense human populations and livelihoods.