Overview: Buffalo County is a sparsely populated county in western Wisconsin. As recorded at the 2010 U.S. census, the county had 13,587 residents. The county seat is Alma, a small river town noted for its scenic bluffs and views of the Mississippi; Alma itself is referenced separately as Alma.

Geography and natural character

Buffalo County occupies part of the Upper Mississippi River valley and the surrounding uplands. The landscape is characteristic of the Driftless Area: rolling hills, steep limestone bluffs, narrow valleys and river terraces rather than the flattened glacial plains found elsewhere in the state. Rivers, streams and wooded bluffs create habitat for rich agricultural land in the valleys and forested parcels on higher ground.

History and settlement

The county was settled by Euro-American migrants in the 19th century, following earlier Indigenous presence in the region. Towns grew up along river landing points and at crossroads where farming, milling and trade were possible. Many communities retain 19th-century buildings and small-town patterns of streets and civic institutions.

Economy and land use

Buffalo County’s economy is largely rural and diversified among dairy and crop farming, small-scale manufacturing, services, and recreation. Outdoor tourism tied to the Mississippi River, hunting, fishing and scenic driving routes contributes to the local economy. Conservation and river-management activities shape land use along the floodplain.

Communities and government

In addition to Alma, the county includes a mix of small cities, villages and townships that provide local services, schools and government. Typical communities include river towns, agricultural service centers and residential hamlets. County government administers roads, public safety, land records and social services from the seat.

Notable features and distinctions

  • Border location on the Mississippi River gives the county scenic routes and important riverine habitat.
  • Topography reflects the Driftless Area with prominent bluffs and valleys valued for recreation and wildlife.
  • Rural character: low population density and an economy connected to agriculture and outdoor tourism.

For more detailed maps, demographic data and current county services consult official county references and state resources via regional portals: state resources and regional guides at county seat information or community pages such as Alma.