Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe

National flag of São Tomé and Príncipe, adopted after independence in 1975; green-yellow-green bands, a red triangle at the hoist and two black stars symbolizing the two main islands and Pan-African ideals.

Overview

The national flag of São Tomé and Príncipe was created in 1975 to mark the country's emergence as an independent state. It is widely recognised for its strong Pan‑African colours and simple, symbolic imagery. The flag is used on public buildings, at diplomatic missions and during national celebrations to represent the island nation.

Design and symbolism

The flag consists of three horizontal bands — green at the top and bottom with a broader yellow band in the centre — and a red isosceles triangle at the hoist. Two black five‑pointed stars appear on the central yellow band. The colours and symbols convey layered meanings: green evokes the islands' lush vegetation and agricultural resources; yellow suggests tropical sunlight and the importance of cocoa and other products; red recalls the struggle for independence; and the two black stars represent the principal islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.

Key features

Three horizontal stripes: green, yellow, green.
Red triangle positioned at the hoist side.
Two black stars centered on the yellow stripe, denoting the two main islands.
Pan‑African colour palette, aligning the design with broader regional symbolism.

History and influences

The flag's creation followed independence from Portuguese rule in 1975 and drew inspiration from the visual language of other African liberation movements, which commonly used red, yellow and green to express unity, freedom and shared heritage. While designed for a newly sovereign republic, the elements also reference local geography and economy, making the flag a synthesis of international solidarity and national identity.

Uses, variants and protocol

The basic national flag serves civil and state purposes; there are also specific standards and emblems used by government organs and the head of state for formal occasions. As with many national flags, established rules govern its display, folding and disposal to show respect. The flag regularly appears at international sporting events, cultural festivals and diplomatic functions.