Overview
Conduct disorder is a psychiatric condition that appears in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a persistent pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or widely accepted social norms. Typical problems include aggressive behavior, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious rule violations. The condition varies in severity and presentation, and symptoms must be present over a sustained period, not just brief episodes. For a concise general summary see overview resources.
Key characteristics and diagnostic features
Clinicians commonly organize symptoms into four groups. A person with conduct disorder will typically display one or more of the following:
- Aggression to people and animals — for example initiating fights, using a weapon, or physically harming others. See more on aggression.
- Destruction of property — deliberate vandalism or arson.
- Deceitfulness or theft — shoplifting, breaking into buildings, or frequent lying. Related behaviors are discussed at theft and related acts.
- Serious violations of rules — running away from home, truancy, or staying out at night despite being underage.
Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria that consider frequency, severity, age of onset, and functional impairment. Specialists also note whether onset began in childhood or adolescence and whether there are callous–unemotional traits.
Causes and risk factors
Conduct disorder has multiple interacting causes. Genetic or biological contributions can increase vulnerability; family history and inherited traits are part of the risk profile (see heritability factors). Neurodevelopmental differences, exposure to trauma or neglect, inconsistent or harsh parenting, peer influences, and socioeconomic stressors also play major roles. Early childhood adversity, parental substance use, and disrupted attachments are commonly identified risks.
Course, comorbidity, and outcomes
Many young people with conduct disorder also meet criteria for other conditions. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequent comorbid diagnosis and can worsen behavioral control; relevant resources: ADHD and conduct problems. Mood disorders, anxiety, learning difficulties, and substance use are also commonly seen. When aggressive or rule-breaking patterns persist into adulthood, a proportion of individuals may develop antisocial personality disorder; see information at adult outcomes. Early onset and neurocognitive impairments tend to predict a more persistent course.
Assessment and treatment approaches
Assessment typically involves interviews with the child or adolescent, caregivers, school reports, and standardized rating scales. Treatment is individualized and often multimodal. Common evidence-based interventions include:
- Parent management training and family therapy to change interaction patterns and improve supervision.
- School-based supports and behavioral interventions to address learning and social skills.
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy to teach problem-solving, anger management, and empathy.
- Multisystemic or intensive community therapies for severe or entrenched problems.
- Medication may be considered for co-occurring conditions (for example stimulants for ADHD) or to reduce severe aggression in specific circumstances; antipsychotic medication is sometimes used short-term when aggression or psychotic symptoms are present (see clinical guidance at treatment resources).
Notable distinctions and public health importance
Conduct disorder is distinct from normal adolescent rebellion by the persistence, severity, and the violation of others' rights. It raises legal, educational, and clinical concerns because of its association with juvenile justice involvement and risky trajectories. Early identification, family-centered interventions, and coordinated school and mental health services improve outcomes. For practitioners and caregivers seeking further reading see practical guidance on theft and conduct and broader clinical summaries at risk and prevention and comorbidity guides.