Zebu (Bos indicus): Tropical cattle of South Asia, Africa and beyond

Physical characteristics

Zebu typically show a characteristic hump over the shoulders, a large dewlap (loose throat skin) and often drooping ears. Their skin and coat, body shape and metabolic traits confer improved tolerance to heat and to certain parasites and diseases compared with many European cattle. The hump contains muscle and fat and is one of the visible differences from taurine (European) breeds.

Origins and domestication

Genetic and archaeological evidence indicates that zebu cattle were domesticated in South Asia and spread to neighbouring regions over thousands of years. They were later introduced to East Africa and other tropical zones through trade and migration. Selective breeding in different regions produced many local types adapted to distinct ecological niches.

Uses and importance

• Milk and dairy products: some zebu breeds are important local dairies.
• Draught power: ploughing and transport in smallholder agriculture.
• Meat and hides: used for local consumption and materials.
• Cultural roles: religious, ceremonial and social significance in many societies.

Breeds and distinctions

Well-known zebu-derived types include South Asian breeds such as Gir, Sahiwal and Kankrej, and composite types like the American Brahman developed from Indian stock. Crossbreeding with European cattle is common to combine heat tolerance with higher milk yield or growth rates. The term zebu is sometimes used interchangeably with indicine or humped cattle in agricultural and veterinary contexts.

Contemporary issues

Modern agriculture balances conserving local zebu breeds with productivity improvements. Their resilience to heat and parasites makes them valuable under climate change, but economic pressures and crossbreeding can threaten pure local lines. For further regional information see Zebu in India.