Cheyenne

Organization and culture

Traditionally the Cheyenne combined two closely allied groups often called Tsitsistas (Cheyenne) and Suhtai (Sutaio). Social life revolved around extended family bands, warrior societies, ceremonial life, and seasonal hunting rounds. Tipis, horse culture, ritual gatherings and distinctive beadwork and quillwork characterize Cheyenne material culture.

Language

The Cheyenne language belongs to the Algonquian family and is related to Arapahoan varieties. It has been classified as vulnerable or endangered in many communities, and contemporary programs in schools and tribal centers aim to teach the language to younger generations.

History and contact

European-American expansion in the 19th century brought dramatic change. The Cheyenne engaged in diplomacy and warfare with the United States and neighboring tribes. Notable events include conflict during westward expansion, the Sand Creek Massacre (1864), alliances in battles such as Little Bighorn (1876), and the Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878–79) when a group sought to return north from plains reservations.

Modern communities and the city name

Today the Northern Cheyenne Tribe is based on a reservation in southeastern Montana; Southern Cheyenne people are part of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes in Oklahoma. The capital of Wyoming, Cheyenne, was named after the people; it developed as a railroad town and hosts the annual Cheyenne Frontier Days rodeo, a major regional event.

Notable distinctions

• Two historical divisions: Tsitsistas and Suhtai.
• Cheyenne language: Algonquian family, subject to revitalization.
• Central role in Plains-era history and 19th-century conflicts.