Battle of the Catalaunian Plains

The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields took place in 451 AD between the Romans under Flavius Aëtius and the Visigoths under Theoderic I on the one hand, and the Huns under Attila and the Ostrogoths on the other. It took place in what is now northeastern France near the present-day town of Châlons-en-Champagne. The battle is dated by the majority to June 20, 451, with a minority arguing for the date of September 20. The Roman Visigothic army defeated the Huns with heavy losses and forced them to retreat from Gaul.

The battle was once considered a defence of Western Europe against the Huns. Modern research, on the other hand, emphasizes that two motley alliances faced each other at the time, and often understands the events rather as a power struggle between the two rivals Attila and Aëtius.

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Actually, there was initially a good relationship between Attila's multiethnic federation and Western Rome. In addition, the Hun ruler Attila and the Western Roman army commander (magister militum) and de facto head of government, Flavius Aëtius, also maintained good personal relations in the beginning. Aëtius had remained victor in a civil war in 433 only with Hunnic help and had dominated the imperial court in Ravenna ever since. After 447, however, relations deteriorated, and there is much to be said for seeing the war of 451/52 primarily as a power struggle between Attila and Aëtius. The confluence of several factors finally moved Attila to attack the Western Roman Empire in 451, and also determined the composition of the two parties to the conflict. These factors were:

1. Disputes over Honoria, the sister of the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III, who had entered into an affair with a court official in 450, which Aëtius saw as a threat to his position, and had therefore been forcibly married to an old senator. In this situation, the court party around Honoria turned to Attila for help. According to the contemporary Priskos, Honoria sent him her signet ring and promised monetary payments. A century later, Jordanes also reports of an alleged promise of marriage made by the princess to Attila; the latter gladly accepted it and, it is said, demanded half the western kingdom as a dowry. One thing is certain: for some time, the extradition of the princess was negotiated, but Attila's demands did not allow for an agreement, as they would have been tantamount to the downfall of Aëtius.
2. The resistance of the new Eastern Roman Emperor Markian. Immediately after his enthronement, he revoked the foedus concluded with Attila in 447 and stopped paying tribute to the Huns. Since Attila knew that an invasion of the already plundered Eastern Roman Balkan provinces would have been as futile as an attack on the almost impregnable Constantinople, it was additionally obvious to turn to the west.
3. The partisanship of the Vandal Geiserich. Geiserich was an old enemy of Aëtius, even though a foedus had been concluded in 442. Added to this was his enmity with Theoderic I, the rex of the Visigoths. The latter's daughter had years before first been married to Geiserich's son Hunerich, but had then been mutilated on the charge of poison-mongering and then sent back. When Geiserich therefore came to an understanding with Attila, this led the Visigoths, who had previously wavered for a long time, to side with Aëtius.
4. Succession disputes among the Franks may also have played a role, with Attila and Aëtius supporting various pretenders.

For a while Attila seems to have hesitated, then he decided to launch an all-out attack on Gaul to confront Aëtius and the Visigoths. In the spring of 451 he began to concentrate the pressure on the Rhine. The Alamanni resisted, but the Franks on the right bank of the Rhine largely joined him. The Franks on the left bank of the Rhine, the Ripuarian Franks, in turn, subordinated themselves to Aëtius, who, having just arrived in Gaul from Italy, drew to himself all available Roman troops as well as the Foederates - among them the Burgundians in Savoy, the Alans around Orléans, and the Visigoths; the latter were of particular importance to Aëtius because of the strength of their army. At first, however, Visigoth king Theoderic I seemed to want to wait in Aquitaine to see how the power struggle would turn out. Aëtius then sent the former praetorian prefect of Gaul, Avitus, who was highly respected by Romans and Goths alike, to Theoderic. Avitus succeeded in convincing the Visigoths of the advantages of joint action against Attila.

During these negotiations, Attila's army marched past Argentoratum and, on 7 April 451, Metz - both cities thoroughly sacked in the process - towards Orléans past Paris. Aëtius, now reinforced by the Visigoths, also marched from the southwest toward Orléans. According to Jordanes' tradition, the city fell shortly before the arrival of Aëtius, who surprised the Huns as they sacked the city and forced them to retreat. This, however, continues to be doubted, since it seems almost inconceivable that the Hunnic scouts should have been unaware of the arrival of so large an army. Presumably Attila withdrew his troops from Orléans in time and then marched eastward back to his camp, an entrenched wagon castle. Attila's retreat from Orléans took place at night, and was covered by the warriors of the Gepids, who formed the rearguard. The Ripuarian Franks in turn formed the vanguard of the Western Roman army. In the fierce night battle that now ensued, both sides suffered heavy losses until they parted without result. Aëtius followed with the army and set up camp within sight of Attila's chariot castle.

Place of battle

The name Catalaunian Fields (Latin Campi Catalauni) derives from the Gaulish tribe of Catalaunians who settled in the region where the battle took place.

The identification of the battlefield is controversial. Thus, until today it could not be determined with certainty where exactly the battle took place. For a long time, a plain near Châlons-en-Champagne was assumed to be the site of the battle. There is a suggestion that a larger group of Huns founded the village of Courtisols eleven kilometres east of the town after the battle.

However, since it is reported that Attila retreated eastward from Orléans, it seems more likely that the battle was fought somewhere on the plain between Châlons-en-Champagne and Troyes (modern northeastern France), probably closer to Troyes.

It is known that the battlefield was defined by a wide plain. It was bordered to the north by a river, probably the Marne, and to the south by some unconnected woods. To the north, a hill rose before the river.