Sumer Is Icumen In — medieval English rota (13th-century round)
A mid-13th-century Middle English rota (round) celebrating summer; the best-known surviving example of a six-part canon with repeating pes, preserved in a medieval English manuscript.
Overview
Sumer Is Icumen In is a short, cheerful medieval song in Middle English whose opening line is often rendered as "Sumer is icumen in" ("Summer has come in"). It is famous as a round or rota: several voices enter in sequence singing the same melody at fixed intervals so that the parts overlap to form a continuous polyphonic texture. Among surviving English pieces it is widely cited as the earliest known example of a multi‑part canon still performed today.
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Structure and text
The composition is written for six voices: four voices sing the canonical melody in imitation, while two lower parts provide a repeating drone or ostinato, historically called a pes. The lyrics are short and pastoral, celebrating the arrival of summer and the renewal of plants and animals; the language is Middle English, reflecting contemporary spelling and pronunciation (Middle English).
History and manuscript
The song was committed to notation in the middle of the 13th century (13th century) in an English manuscript. That source records the music beneath words and includes instructions for how the parts should enter and be repeated. A monk is named in association with the copy in the manuscript (monk), but no composer is definitively identified; it may have been an older folk melody adapted for communal or ecclesiastical use. The dialect of the text shows affinities with the Wessex dialect of Middle English, providing linguistic clues to its origin.
Key features
- Six-part canon: four imitative voices plus two repeating bass parts (pes).
- Short, seasonal text celebrating summer and pastoral life.
- Notated in a 13th-century English manuscript and written in Middle English.
- Performed today by choirs, early-music groups, and in educational contexts.
Legacy and significance
Because of its clear notation and engaging design, Sumer Is Icumen In is frequently performed and recorded by ensembles interested in medieval music. It is studied as an instructive example of medieval polyphony, showing how communal singing, simple imitation, and repeating patterns could create rich textures without later harmonic conventions. Its survival offers a rare and direct link to vernacular culture of medieval England and continues to be a popular bridge between music history and performance practice.
For further reading and resources on medieval rounds, notation, and English vernacular song see collections and commentaries that discuss the rota tradition in context: many introductions and transcriptions are available for performers and scholars seeking to reconstruct how the piece might have sounded in its original setting.
Questions and answers
Q: What is "Sumer Is Icumen In"?
A: "Sumer Is Icumen In" is a very old English song which can be sung as a round.
Q: What is the composer of "Sumer Is Icumen In"?
A: The composer of "Sumer Is Icumen In" is unknown.
Q: When was "Sumer Is Icumen In" written down?
A: "Sumer Is Icumen In" was written down around the middle of the 13th century by a monk.
Q: Do we know whether the monk who wrote down "Sumer Is Icumen In" composed it?
A: We do not know whether the monk who wrote down "Sumer Is Icumen In" composed it or whether it had been composed earlier.
Q: What does the title "Sumer Is Icumen In" mean?
A: The title "Sumer Is Icumen In" means "Summer has come in".
Q: How many parts can "Sumer Is Icumen In" be sung in?
A: "Sumer Is Icumen In" can be sung in six parts.
Q: What are the two parts that can be repeated again and again throughout the piece?
A: The two parts that can be repeated again and again throughout the piece are an ostinato.
Related articles
Author
AlegsaOnline.com Sumer Is Icumen In — medieval English rota (13th-century round) Leandro Alegsa
URL: https://en.alegsaonline.com/art/94771