Standard Chinese

High Chinese or (Modern) Standard Chinese (technical language: (現代)標準漢語 / (现代)标准汉语, (Xiàndài) Biāozhǔn Hànyǔ) is the standard variety of Chinese, the official language of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan), and one of the four official languages of Singapore.

The standard language is based in form on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin (Northern Chinese). The official definition is: "Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation, Northern Chinese as the basic dialect, the authoritative modern báihuàwén works as the standard grammar."

There is an increasing number of younger Chinese and residents of larger cities who speak exclusively or predominantly the standard language and none of the Chinese dialects. This is largely the result of efforts by the governments of the People's Republic and Taiwan to enforce High Chinese as the commonly used vernacular. However, according to a 2014 survey by the Ministry of Education, only 7% of the PRC population speaks clear and fluent High Chinese, and 30% are unable to communicate in the language at all.

The spelling of Chinese is also largely standardized. The Chinese written language báihuàwén (白話文 / 白话文 - "roughly: everyday writing") - unlike the classical written language wényánwén (文言文 - "roughly: literary writing") - is based on the modern vernacular. Before that, texts in classical written language, from which spoken language had completely departed, had the highest prestige in society. The elimination of this diglossia situation in Chinese society, that is, the imposition of báihuàwén as the primary written language, occurred only after the fall of the Qing dynasty in the early 20th century as a result of social upheavals in the May Fourth Movement.

In addition to Standard Chinese, there are other Chinese languages that are often referred to as dialects of Chinese. This designation reflects above all the low status accorded to these languages, but also the fact that (with the exception of Cantonese) they have no generally accepted written language. Linguistically, one distinguishes at least six languages or dialect groups of Chinese, which in turn are by no means uniform. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China at the latest, however, learning the standard language as a second language has been propagated and taught in schools.

Designations

In Chinese itself, there are already several names for the standard language that differ in meaning: Pǔtōnghuà (普通话 or 普通話, literally "normal lingua franca") is the common name in the People's Republic of China for the standard language as it is taught in schools and used in official texts. In Taiwan, the term Guóyǔ is used (国语 or 國語 "national language"). Among overseas Chinese, especially in Southeast Asia, Standard Chinese is known as Huáyǔ (华语 or 華語 "Chinese language").

Běifānghuà listen^{? /i} (北方话 or 北方話, literally 'dialects of the north'), on the other hand, is the collective term for the dialects of the north on which the standard language is based. Individual dialects of the northern region have regional differences from the standard language, but these are smaller than those of southern dialects.

The term Hànyǔ (汉语 or 漢語, literally "language of the Hàn"), commonly used in Chinese colloquial speech, is often used synonymously with "Chinese" or "Standard Chinese". However, not all Han Chinese speak the standard dialect as a native language. Instead, Hànyǔ refers to all Han Chinese dialects. Thus, Hakka speakers emphasize that their dialect should also be referred to as Hànyǔ because the grammar of the Hakka language is closest to classical Chinese texts.

The terms Beijing dialect (北京话 or 北京話 Běijīnghuà or 北京方言 Běijīng fāngyán) or Beijing Chinese are also inaccurate. They are used as a pejorative term in Taiwan, among other places, by those who support Taiwanese independence and believe that Taiwanese should be the national language of Taiwan.

The term Mandarin for the Chinese language is common in older German-language publications and, under the influence of English, is also used more frequently again today. This word is derived from the Portuguese word mandarim (from the Malay menteri and the Sanskrit word mantrin-), which means "advisor", "minister". This is the translation of the Chinese word Guānhuà (官话 or 官話), which literally translates as "language of the mandarins" (the imperial officials). Guānhuà is considered archaic by Chinese today, but it is sometimes used by linguists as a term that includes all dialects and variations of Northern Chinese (i.e., not just Pǔtōnghuà and Guóyǔ).

Standardization

The standardized forms of Chinese, Pǔtōnghuà and Guóyǔ, use as their base the pronunciation of the Beijing dialect without its regional specifics. Nevertheless, there are regional variations in pronunciation for two reasons:

• In the vast geographical area where Standard Chinese is the native language, differences become apparent when moving from one place to another. The differences can be compared to the dialects and accents of the German language.
• People for whom Standard Chinese is a second language (i.e. their mother tongue is another of the Chinese languages) give their pronunciation a very strong regional accent. Thus, Taiwanese residents often have a stronger and consistent divergence from Standard Chinese, which the education authorities have defined as the standard language. Examples include the zh and sh accents in Hanyu Pinyin (e.g. si instead of shi, zong instead of zhong).

From an official perspective, there are two standard Chinese languages: That of the People's Republic of China (Pǔtōnghuà, "standard language") and that in Taiwan (Guóyǔ "national language"). Officially, Pǔtōnghuà includes pronunciations from different regions, while Guóyǔ is, at least theoretically, based only on the Beijing pronunciation. In principle, there was not much difference between Pǔtōnghuà and Guóyǔ in the 1950s. But over time, some have emerged. For example, 危, 期, 帆, 椰 are pronounced in the 1st tone in Pǔtōnghuà, and in the 2nd tone in Guóyǔ. 液 is pronounced as yè in Pǔtōnghuà, and as yì in Guóyǔ. Interestingly, the pronunciation of some characters in Guóyǔ is the same as in the Beijing dialect, but in Pǔtōnghuà it is not. For example, 和 meaning "and" is pronounced as hé in Pǔtōnghuà, but as hàn in Guóyǔ. The later Beijing pronunciation is no longer used by the younger generation in Beijing and other parts of mainland China due to the enforcement of Pǔtōnghuà, but it is used in Taiwan.

Not all varieties of spoken Standard Chinese are understandable everywhere. SIL International writes: