Small arms (personal firearms)

Common types

• Pistols — handguns that can be fired with one hand or two; commonly used for self-defense and policing. See more on pistols at pistols.
• Shotguns — long guns that fire multiple small projectiles or slugs; widely used for hunting, sport shooting, and some security roles. Further information: shotguns.
• Rifles — long-barreled firearms with rifled bores for improved accuracy at distance; used by hunters, sport shooters, and military marksmen. Additional reading: rifles.

Design and main components

Typical small arms share several core parts: a barrel, action (the mechanism that loads and fires cartridges), a firing mechanism such as a trigger and hammer or striker, and a stock or grip. Ammunition is usually self-contained cartridges that combine projectile, propellant, and primer. Variations in action type, caliber, and ergonomics define performance and intended role.

History and development

The evolution of small arms spans from early hand cannons and matchlocks to modern self-loading pistols and rifles. Improvements in metallurgy, propellants, and manufacturing have steadily increased reliability, accuracy, and rate of fire. Innovations in optics and accessories continue to shape how small arms are used today.

Uses, importance, and distinctions

Small arms play a central role in civilian security, law enforcement, and military operations because they are portable and effective at short to moderate ranges. They are contrasted with crew-served weapons and heavy ordnance such as artillery, which require multiple operators or mounts. Discussions about small arms also involve regulation, safety training, and impacts on public policy and conflict.

For technical details, legal frameworks, or historical studies, consult authoritative sources and official guidelines via the links above and specialized publications. Additional context and comparisons are available from general references: overview, pistols, shotguns, rifles, artillery.