School bullying: causes, forms, impacts and prevention

Common forms and characteristics

Bullying is not a single behavior but a pattern that can be expressed in several ways. Typical forms include:

• Physical: hitting, pushing, or damaging belongings.
• Verbal: name-calling, taunting, threats and insults.
• Relational (social): excluding someone, spreading rumors, or manipulating friendships.
• Cyberbullying: harassment using phones, social media, messaging apps and other digital tools.

History and understanding

Interest in bullying as a specific social and developmental problem grew in the late 20th century as researchers documented its links to emotional harm and school failure. Longstanding programs and studies in several countries shaped modern approaches to prevention and intervention. Researchers such as Dan Olweus helped establish school-focused prevention models, and much subsequent work has emphasized whole-school policies and teacher training.

Impacts and examples

The effects of bullying extend beyond immediate distress: targeted students may experience anxiety, lowered self-esteem, poor concentration, school avoidance and declines in academic performance. In severe cases, repeated victimization contributes to long-term mental health challenges. Bystanders and perpetrators are also affected, with classroom climate and school safety deteriorating when bullying is tolerated.

Who is at greater risk

Certain groups are more frequently targeted. Children and young people with disabilities, and those whose sexual orientation or gender expression differs from prevailing norms, are often more vulnerable to bullying and exclusion. Schools and communities must take special care to protect these students and promote inclusive environments; see additional material on identity and support here.

Prevention and responses

Effective approaches combine clear policies, consistent adult supervision, social-emotional learning, support for victims, and restorative practices that address behavior and repair harm. Interventions include staff training, peer support schemes, anonymous reporting systems, and family engagement. Addressing cyberbullying requires digital literacy education and cooperation with platforms. Successful programs treat bullying as a systemic issue rather than an isolated incident.