Road

A road (from Latin [via] strata 'paved way') is a land-based transportation structure that serves as a base for vehicles and pedestrians primarily to transport people and their payloads from one place to another. Therefore, the connection between the two places is ideally direct. Practically, however, the course of the road follows a hierarchy (road network) and is also influenced by the shape of the terrain. The road mainly and expediently extends in one dimension (length) and predominantly approximates the natural course of the terrain, provided that the appropriate radii of curvature of the road, according to the intended maximum vehicle size and speed, allow it to run close to the surface. Otherwise, it is routed through tunnels or over bridges. In width and depth (foundation), it may be adapted to the weight, volume (traffic volume) and degree of interconnection of the intended vehicles. Administratively, a road is a land transport route.

General

Roads are generally understood to mean streets, roads and squares dedicated to public traffic. In particular, a street includes:

• the body of the road:
• Subgrade - the natural rock or soil on which the road body is built.
• Substructure - artificially produced dam body between subgrade and superstructure, not used in cuttings
• Superstructure - consists of one or more base courses and the road surface.
• Earthworks - dams, ditches, embankments, berms
• Structures - culverts, drainage systems, retaining walls, bridges, tunnels, noise protection systems
• Road surface - with road markings and signage
• hard shoulders and verges
• the airspace above the road body
• the accessories:

the official traffic signs, traffic facilities and other installations which serve the safety, order and ease of traffic and the protection of residents, e.g. delineators, lighting, traffic lights, crash barriers, road markings and planting

• the ancillary facilities:

the road maintenance depots, equipment yards, storage yards, deposition and extraction points, ancillary establishments and facilities

Legally, the entire public realm constitutes the road. For example, the term "cycling on the road" is misleading in that it includes the pavement. Pedestrians, cyclists and motor vehicles all move along the road.

Traffic Separation:

• motor vehicle traffic - it moves exclusively on the carriageway
• other vehicle traffic - on the carriageway or, in the case of bicycles, on the cycle path
• Pedestrians - On the sidewalk (if available), otherwise on the roadway.

Notation

Even after the 2006 spelling reform, only the spelling with "ß" is correct in Austria and Germany: "Straße". In many places you can find the wrong spelling "Strasse" according to both the current and the old rules. There, when using capital letters, "STRASSE" is correct.

In Switzerland and Liechtenstein, on the other hand, "road" is the correct term and is officially designated as such.

Components of the road cross-section

A road cross-section should guarantee traffic safety without compromising performance, the objectives of environmental protection and urban development must be taken into account, and economic efficiency must be guaranteed.

Depending on the required function, the road cross-section is composed of the following elements:

• Roadway - divided into lanes and shoulder,
• Walking and cycling facilities, together or separately
• Parking areas
• hard shoulder
• Separation strips - divided into middle strips and side separation strips,
• Banquets
• Shelves and drainage channels

Building materials

The road surface is made of asphalt concrete, cement concrete, pavement or unpaved material (for example, crushed stone).

Traffic types and usage requirements

There are different uses for the traffic area, which is why different areas are established on roads. These include:

• Roadway
• verges, dividing strips, paved verges, verges,
• Bicycle paths and sidewalks,
• Stops, parking lots, parking bays and rest areas as well as the areas of traffic-calmed down areas.

The term paths is used to describe roads designed exclusively for non-motorised traffic. An exception here are the so-called rural roads. These are also designed for motorised traffic in agriculture and forestry.

In the area of roads and paths, a further distinction is made between the open road, the local road, the junction and the ancillary facilities.

Traffic capacity

The traffic capacity of a road depends to a large extent on its state of development (number and width of lanes, routing). In addition, town crossings with numerous junctions and intersections, railway crossings and the terrain topography (gradient/slope) also play a role. The share of truck traffic is also important. The higher the proportion, the lower the number of vehicles that can use the road in total without the traffic flow coming to a standstill. In Germany, two sets of rules define the construction standards for roads outside built-up areas. For motorways these are the Guidelines for the Construction of Motorways and for federal, state and local roads the Guidelines for the Construction of Rural Roads. They define the maximum capacity of a two-lane road at around 20,000 vehicles per day, although traffic congestion can already accumulate at traffic volumes above 10,000 vehicles per day - for example in intersections, with slow trucks and a lack of overtaking opportunities or at level crossings - and an expansion, e.g. in the 2+1 system or by converting intersections to height-free entrances/exits, can make sense. Two lanes per direction, a total of four lanes, are the standard for motorways and highly frequented sections of trunk roads with traffic densities of between 20,000 and 60,000 vehicles per day. Three lanes per direction (six lanes total) should be applied for traffic volumes between 60,000 and 100,000 vehicles per day, which applies to higher volume freeway segments. Traffic volumes above 100,000 vehicles per day only occur on the main motorways in conurbations and necessitate the creation of additional directional lanes.

Road categories

Roads are subdivided according to road categories.

These include, for example, motorways, trunk roads, main roads, local roads, access roads, play roads, agricultural and forestry roads, independently guided cycle paths, footpaths, roundabouts, tunnels or car parks. In localities, the distinction between through roads, urban roads, estate roads and residential roads is important. In Germany, the regulations of the Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen- und Verkehrswesen (Research Society for Roads and Traffic) distinguish between main roads, collector roads and access roads in built-up areas, whereby this primarily designates the importance in the motor vehicle network.

Special categories are customs roads (duty-free roads), cul-de-sacs, one-way roads, pedestrian zones, temporarily closed or open roads, residential roads, bicycle roads, pass roads, race tracks.

Cross section of a street in Dresden around 1900


Construction of a road with an asphalt concrete surface using an asphalt concrete paver (at the back of the picture) and a two-wheel smooth roller (at the front of the picture)


Madeira: Coastal road through the northeast


Gravel road in Namibia


Road


New York Street 33rd Street - view to the west

Designation

Name

In Germany, inner-city streets usually have names (an exception is Mannheim city centre), which are indicated by signs at intersections or junctions. As a rule, each street name occurs only once in each town, so that the streets can be clearly identified by naming the town and the name. Due to incorporations, street names may occur more than once. As a rule, the smaller of the affected streets is then renamed. If this was omitted, as in Cottbus, street names exist several times. An exact identification is then usually possible via the district name or the postal code. With the formation of Greater Berlin in 1920, a large number of rural communities and villages in the surrounding area were included, so there were several street names with the same name, which could, however, be distinguished by the (therefore usual and necessary) indication of the administrative districts or local parts. In 1938, with the centralization of administrative functions, a major renaming campaign took place, but it did not cover all duplications. In addition, there is a large number of streets which are only distinguished by numbering - mostly according to the development plan - again partly also assigned twice. (Example: Street 101 No. 3a) Due to the subsequent war and post-war years, duplicate street names were only renamed again later and district by district; remaining examples can be found in the lists of local parts of streets and squares in Berlin. Thus, even in the 2000s, streets are renamed when prompted otherwise. Dedicated numbered streets are renamed when the occasion arises. In the meantime, the renaming of streets (especially after reunification) is coordinated between and within Berlin's boroughs. As an example, the selection of 42 streets to be renamed in Berlin-Blankenburg can be mentioned, where the plant-uniform naming according to bird species led to consideration of street names in other settlements and alternative names.

Out-of-town roads and trunk roads have numbers. In Germany, only the numbers of federal roads and motorways are normally signalled to the motorist. State roads and district roads are also marked with numbers. These numbers can be recognised by the station sign, which, however, is of no further significance to the road user.

Name additions

In the case of names for local roads, it is necessary to put the word element street. However, depending on the property, the use of other street-describing terms is common. For residential streets, the word component -weg is often used, since the authorities or residents want to distinguish the surface or width of the street from that of a city street. However, it is not usual to assign such word stock parts to traffic conditions; for example, an "X-path" may well be a road capable of carrying motor vehicles.

An example are the streets newly created in the 1960s and 1970s in Berlin-Gropiusstadt. Here (sometimes for historical reasons) trafficable streets of class V (other streets) of the Berlin street directory were named Path, Row, Steig, on the other hand Allee or Damm are leafy but narrow streets.

The following overview shows a list of the frequently occurring suffixes for street and place names in German-speaking countries:

• Street
• Gasse (also "alley" is a small, narrow street)
• Alley
• Avenue (boulevard see e.g.: Unter den Linden)
• Boulevard
• Alley
• Dam
• Path
• Place
• Promenade
• Ring
• Climb/climb
• Tweet
• Wall
• Path (see also farm track, goods road)
• Line

The following overview shows a list of the prefixes frequently used in German-speaking countries for the names of streets and squares:

• At
• On the
• In the
• At the
• At
• Main
• Country
• Church-
• Field

Street sign in Munich.