Raphael

Raphael's work was entirely devoted to the ideal of beauty. For him, art, above all else, has aesthetic value; beauty is found in nature only imperfectly and scattered. Only art is able to reveal beauty "in its entirety and to realize it on the basis of an intellectual synthesis of experiences, through the 'certa idea' of the artist."

The newly formulated ideal of art at that time, "which combined beauty and truth with the authority of the classical-antique tradition and scientific foundations, became the norm and was to remain unshaken throughout the stylistic development of the modern era until more recent decades."

In his first artistic period in Florence from 1504 to 1507, Raphael engaged with all contemporary influences. Above all with Leonardo, Fra Bartolommeo and Michelangelo. His efforts to create his own formal language can be seen in the Madonna paintings and religious "state paintings" of these years.

In his second creative period in Rome from 1508 to 1513, the creative fulfilment of the High Renaissance idea took place, above all in the painting of the Vatican stanzas.

Towards the end of his life Raphael deepened the problems of form still further, to be seen in the painting of the loggias of the Vatican and in the frescoes of the Farnesina, which he designed, and which are executed with the highest antique serenity.

Raphael, by type a happy and unproblematic realizer, created in his life a wealth of naturally grown masterpieces. The rural surroundings of Urbino shaped his youthful work with intimate expression. In Rome his art took a significant turn "into the free and great and stepped out of the youthful-cheerful, playful-light early Renaissance into the full weight of the High Renaissance."

Raphael left behind a large band of pupils and collaborators, of whom Raffaellino del Colle, Giulio Romano and Francesco Penni, called Il Fattore, were the most creative greats. Other pupils, namely those who only came into contact with Raphael when they had already acquired their first artistic education, were Benvenuto Carosalo, Gaudenzio Ferrari and Timoteo Viti. Another pupil distinguished by talent and the gift of production was Perino del Vaga.

Since after the death of Leo X. in 1521 the artists no longer found employment, Raphael's school ceased to exist. The sack of Rome in 1527 completely dispersed the remaining students.