Proselyte

Etymology and ancient translations

The word derives from Greek; classical authors and the Septuagint used the term προσήλυτος to mean an arriving stranger or newcomer. In the Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures, the Septuagint rendered the Hebrew ger with the same Greek term to signify a resident foreigner or sojourner (Septuagint). In later Jewish and Christian literature the term came to be applied specifically to converts to Judaism and is used in several New Testament passages (New Testament). Biblical lexicons and concordances commonly index the word (compare Strong's G4339).

Usage in Jewish tradition

Hebrew sources use the root גר (transliterated ger) for a foreigner living among Israelites; this Hebrew term is often connected with proselyte in English translations (גר/ger). Rabbinic literature distinguishes two broad categories:

• Ger tzedek (righteous proselyte): a full convert who adopts Jewish law and ritual obligations.
• Ger toshav (resident alien): a non‑Jewish resident who accepts certain ethical laws and enjoys some communal protections without full conversion.

Conversion practices and legal status

Historically, becoming a proselyte involved rites and commitments that marked entry into the covenant community. For men this traditionally included circumcision (brit milah), ritual immersion (mikveh), and a declaration or acceptance of the commandments; for women immersion and acceptance of the obligations were central. Procedures and requirements have varied by period and community, and later rabbinic and modern movements have different standards and processes.

In the New Testament and early Christianity

The New Testament authors sometimes mention proselytes to indicate Jewish converts among Gentiles or devout Gentiles closely associated with Judaism. Certain passages name proselytes as part of Jewish synagogue communities or list them among participants at notable events (Septuagint/New Testament cross‑references). Concordances and historical studies reference the Greek term and its usage (convert to Judaism, Strong's).

Modern meaning and distinctions

Today “proselyte” is less common in ordinary speech but remains useful in historical, religious and legal contexts to describe converts in antiquity or the formal status of those who change faiths. The related concept of proselytism refers to active efforts to convert others and is treated differently in scholarly, legal, and interfaith discussions. For historical study it is important to distinguish the older senses—stranger, resident alien, newcomer—from later, narrower senses that imply formal religious conversion (New Testament usage, Septuagint, Hebrew term, Greek term, biblical references, conversion, lexical entry).