Acid throwing, also called an acid attack or vitriolage, is a violent form of assault in which an assailant deliberately throws or pours a corrosive chemical onto another person. Attackers most often target the face, neck and hands in order to cause maximum physical and psychological harm. The immediate effects can include intense burns, permanent scarring, loss of sight, and long-term disability; survivors frequently require multiple surgeries and prolonged reconstructive care.

Substances and injuries

The substances used in these assaults are typically strong acids or alkalis such as sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric acids, or industrial corrosives. The severity of the injury depends on the chemical involved, concentration, amount, and how quickly emergency first aid is provided. Chemical burns can destroy skin and underlying tissues, often leaving deep scars, disfigurement, and functional impairments. Eye exposure can cause partial or complete blindness. Beyond the physical damage, victims commonly suffer psychological trauma, social stigma and economic hardship.

Motives and contexts

Acid attacks occur in a range of social and cultural settings and are motivated by varied causes. Reported motives include interpersonal disputes, domestic violence, retribution for rejected advances, dowry or marital conflicts, or attempts to intimidate or punish. Attacks are not confined to any single region; media and advocacy reports have highlighted high incidence in parts of South Asia, but cases have been documented around the world. Patterns and prevalence vary with local access to corrosive chemicals and with legal, economic and gender dynamics.

Many countries classify acid attacks as serious criminal offenses and have introduced measures to restrict access to corrosive substances, strengthen penalties, and improve victim protection. Reforms often combine criminal law changes, regulation of sales and distribution of acids, public awareness campaigns, and enforcement to deter perpetrators. In some legal traditions, victims have pursued retributive remedies within criminal systems, while other jurisdictions emphasize imprisonment and rehabilitation for offenders. Non‑governmental organizations have played a major role in pushing for legal reform and policy change.

Support, rehabilitation and notable issues

Survivor support typically involves emergency medical treatment, long‑term reconstructive surgery, psychological counseling, legal aid and vocational rehabilitation. Advocacy groups and specialized clinics work to secure medical care, challenge stigma and prevent future attacks. Key challenges include ensuring affordable treatment, improving prosecutions, and controlling the sale of dangerous chemicals without disrupting legitimate industrial uses. Public education and targeted regulation are central to prevention strategies.

Further reading and resources