Nauru

Nauru [nɑːˈuːruː] (Nauruese Ripublik Naoero, also Ripubrikin Naoero, English Republic of Nauru) is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean with a population of about 11,550 as of 2019. Nauru is the third smallest recognized state by area and the second or third smallest by population, as well as the smallest republic on Earth.

Nauru consists of the coral island of the same name, which belongs to the Micronesian archipelago (not to be confused with the Federated States of Micronesia), as well as the territorial waters belonging to the state within a radius of twelve nautical miles. The neighbouring states are the Federated States of Micronesia to the west, the Marshall Islands to the north, Kiribati to the east and the Solomon Islands to the south.

Originally, the island was inhabited by twelve tribes, which are summarized as Nauruer. In 1888, Nauru was placed under the rule of the German Empire as a protectorate. During World War I, Australia took control of the island and, apart from the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945, retained it until the country's independence in 1968. Economically, the mining of the rich phosphate deposits (guano/nauruit), discovered as early as 1900, was crucial for Nauru for a long time. The country had the highest per capita income in the world. When the stocks ran out, it became apparent that the state and most citizens had not invested the profits made from mining in a future-proof way; Nauru became increasingly impoverished after the complete depletion of its only natural resource. As a result, the state's finances regularly hover on the brink of bankruptcy, but in recent years they have been stabilized by support measures coordinated by the Pacific Islands Forum.

Etymology

The origin of the word "Nauru" is not clear. The Nauruans used to call their island "Naoero", as they do today. The German Paul Hambruch, who visited the island in May 1909 and from September to November 1910, gave the etymological explanation that "Naoero" must be interpreted as a contraction of the phrase "ã-nuau-a-a-ororo" (would be written "A nuaw ea arourõ" today), which means something like "I go to the beach". The Deutsches Koloniallexikon (1920) then also adopted Hambruch's explanation with the word "Anáoero" or "Ānā́ọĕṙọ". Alsatian Catholic missionary Alois Kayser, MSC, who missioned on Nauru for more than 30 years and studied the Nauruan language extensively, rejected Hambruch's explanation because in Nauruan the word "beach", as the target of a verb of movement, requires the directional word "rodu", meaning "downhill", and gives the term "rodu aröüro" for "to go to the beach". Nauruians consider the beach to be the lowest point of the island geographically - both in terms of land and sea. The fact that "rodu" is missing from Hambruch's explanation of the word makes his etymology of the word "naoero" and thus of "Nauru" untenable.

The island also had other names: The English colonialists before 1888 called it Pleasant Island or Shank Island, and the German colonial rulers called it Nawodo or Onawero. The word "Nauru" was later created from "Naoero" so that Europeans and Americans could pronounce the island's name correctly.

Geography

Geology and climate

The island lies in the western Pacific Ocean at 0° 32′ south latitude and 166° 56′ east longitude. The nearest island is Banaba 290 km to the east, which belongs to Kiribati and which had a similar importance because of rich phosphate deposits (the third important phosphate island in the Pacific is Makatea in the Tuamotu Archipelago). Nauru has an Exclusive Economic Zone of 308,480 km² (including territorial waters of about 570 km²), bordering the corresponding zones of Kiribati to the east (290 km to Banaba Island) and of the Marshall Islands to the north (600 km to Ebon Atoll). More distant neighbors are Micronesia (Kosrae) to the northwest, the Solomon Islands to the southwest, Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago) to the west and Tuvalu to the southeast.

Nauru is an uplifted atoll on top of an extinct undersea volcano. The huge coral stock extends about 2000 metres into the sea and rises a maximum of about 60 metres above sea level. This highest point is located in eastern Aiwo along a plateau edge called Command Ridge. Compared to other atolls, Nauru has a very small lagoon. One kilometer from the coast, the sea depth is already more than 1000 meters, and the island shelf drops steeply to a depth of about 4300 meters. Except for a narrow coastal strip, the inner part of the island was covered by phosphate (nauruit) formed from the excrement of sea birds. About two square kilometres of the island are forested.

Due to Nauru's location very close to the equator, temperatures are balanced all year round with a monthly average temperature of about 27.5 °C. The trade winds bring year-round precipitation to the island, which averages 1900 mm per year. Agriculture is made much more difficult by the porous limestone, as the water seeps away very quickly.

With regard to rising sea levels caused by climate change, the government has already made several representations to the UN on the urgency of the matter and called for some meetings with the US and other developed nations.

flora and fauna

There are no large animals on Nauru: Apart from insects, it is only home to various species of seabirds, such as the banded frigatebird. There is only one species of songbird, the Nauru warbler (Acrocephalus rehsei), which is endemic here. Common stray pets such as cats, dogs and pigs have been introduced by the population from abroad.

Around the island runs a wide shallow water fringe, which dries at low tide and can be walked on; here lives a variety of marine life such as sea urchins, molluscs and crabs, and corals also grow in the shallow water in front of it. Connected to this fringe is a narrow strip of land a few hundred metres wide with snow-white coral sand, where coconut palms, screw trees and other woods thrive. Along the entire coast, where almost all the buildings of the island are located, runs the main road.

Further inland rises a second high terrace, on which the natural landscape is still largely preserved. Here, sparse forests with coconut palms, fig trees, rosewood (locally called Tomano), hibiscus extend. Other tree species such as cherries, almond trees or mango trees have fallen victim to intensive deforestation and environmental destruction. Remarkable in the interior of the island is the difference between the now mined phosphate areas and the still somewhat preserved natural landscape. While the vegetation is somewhat denser and lower at lower altitudes, there are more hardwood trees around the highest points of the island. This difference can be explained by the absence of rainwater runoff into the ocean. It quickly seeps into the porous limestone and phosphate soil, the bottom of which (and therefore the water table) is low.

Of the 493 plant species (including hybrids) on Nauru, only 59 are believed to be native, and none endemic.

Coral

A large number of molluscs and crustaceans live on the coast and immediately in front of it, as well as blue corals with their shimmering blue calcareous skeleton. These are considered living fossils and are the only representatives of the family Helioporidae from the order Octocorallia. They are rare and only occur in marine areas around the equator where the water temperature does not fall below 24 °C.

Geology

The most remarkable part in the interior of the island are fantastic-looking limestone pinnacles and pyramids formed in the exploited phosphorite open-cast mines. They are four to ten meters high, and between them has formed a whole maze of cauldrons and deep hollows.

The rest of the island is an almost flat table. The phosphate mined by excavators was taken away by a narrow-gauge railway. A peculiar, inanimate moonscape remained. The stone pinnacles and pyramids have no ground cover and are devoid of vegetation. Rainwater runs into the hollows and quickly seeps away through the porous reef limestone.

Geographers, geomorphologists and geologists studied the relief, soil and geological structure of the island and deduced a very varied history of development: Nauru Atoll has existed for a very long time. The ring-shaped fringing reef of Tertiary corals has survived to the present day. In the Paleogene, the Old Tertiary, the floor of Buada Lagoon was 60 meters below present sea level. In the Miocene, a period of the Late Tertiary, the atoll was strongly uplifted so that the bottom of the lagoon was ten meters higher than the present sea level. It is likely that the surface of the island underwent severe erosion during this period, forming a karst relief. These are the stone jags and pyramids of today that give the open pits such a strange appearance. Subsequently, the island was flooded and a shallow water lagoon formed. Sediments enriched with phosphorus settled in the hollows and other cavities between the jags of the reef limestone. Flooding of the island continued for a long time. During this time, the lagoon sediments underwent considerable changes that may have contributed to the dissolution of the carbonates contained in the sediments and to the enrichment of the sediments with phosphorus compounds.

Thereafter, a prolonged period of uplift of the island occurred, the bottom of the former lagoon rose from the water, and plants began to colonize the island. At present, the entire inner part of the island is twenty to thirty meters above sea level. Only a small depression remains, which is occupied by a lake - the Buada lagoon.

This picture of Nauru's geological history contains two controversial points:

The explanation given for the formation of the peculiar relief is somewhat doubtful. Apart from the assumption that there has been a strong karstification, that is, that the reef limestones have been dissolved, there is another opinion: On the beach and in the stony shallows, especially on the eastern side of the island, there are quite a few small stone pillars preserved as "witnesses". They are strangely shaped and have formed as a result of the destruction of the reef massif by the ocean waves. One can imagine that the entire shallow water part of the island's surface was subjected to intense working by the waves during periods of uplift. This space was not protected, in any case there have been very wide passages in the ring-shaped reef. The further uplift of the island then merely resulted in the continuation of the preceding outwash, with the rainwater smoothing out the stone pillars and stone jags that remained as remnants.

The second controversial point is the formation of the phosphorites. In the open pits and in places where the so-called nauruit comes to light, one can see that the layer of phosphorite sediments is built in a complicated way. Most typical is the picture of fragmented debris of various sizes: sometimes crusts and clods of a meter in diameter, mostly smaller angular pieces of debris, more rarely abraded phosphorite kidneys mixed with fine earth. All this material is unsorted and very diverse. Accordingly, the original accumulation of phosphorite, which usually forms in shallow water after the death of large plankton masses, has been repeatedly reshaped during severe erosion and multiple redepositions.

In the complicated and long history of the island, there have undoubtedly been periods when strong typhoons passed over it. Then a very intensive washing out and rearrangement of the debris took place. Such catastrophic changes have also been described from present-day atolls. In each case it is then pointed out that huge masses of debris material were redeposited and reshaped on the island and in the shallow water on the coast. In this process the fine earth was carried out to the open sea, while the larger pieces, chiefly nodules of phosphorite and fragments of crusts formed by dropping, remained on the island. Rubble and fragments were held in the hollow forms of the relief, and in a karstified relief they filled especially the hollows and pockets between the jags and pyramids of reef limestone.

There is another version of the formation of the phosphate rock, which is considered more probable: In the easily soluble limestone, exposed to weathering, deep funnels and pointed cones formed at the surface, ideal nesting sites for seabirds. Over hundreds of thousands of years, the excrement of millions upon millions of seabirds accumulated in the funnels, eventually covering almost the entire island by meters. The guano, as the deposits of bird excrement are called, transformed over time under the influence of the weather into calcium phosphate of the highest purity. The rock sometimes contained over 90 % pure phosphate.

Districts

Nauru is divided into 14 districts. The boundaries of the districts are the former boundaries of the former Gaue, which until 1968 each consisted of a few villages.

Aiwo Anabar Anetan Anibare Baiti Boe Buada

Denigomodu Ewa Ijuw Meneng Nibok Uaboe Yaren

The Nauruan Districts


Nauru: Exclusive Economic Zone


Karst landscape in the interior of Naurus, a relic of phosphate mining


Coral


Satellite image of Nauru