Overview

Lymphoma denotes a set of cancers that originate in the lymphatic system, the network of vessels and organs that help defend the body against infection. It affects lymphocytes, a class of white blood cell. For a basic explanation of the affected anatomy see the lymphatic system. Lymphoma may be limited to a single lymph node or widespread.

Key characteristics

Most lymphomas are classified by the subtype of lymphocyte involved and by their behaviour. The two broad categories are Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Within non-Hodgkin types there are many distinct entities, including B-cell and T-cell lymphomas and rarer forms such as hepatosplenic lymphoma. Certain cancers can appear primarily in the brain and eye region and are referred to as primary central nervous system lymphoma.

Symptoms and diagnosis

Common warning signs include painless swollen lymph nodes, unexplained fevers, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis typically requires medical history, physical exam and tissue evaluation by biopsy. Imaging and laboratory tests help with staging and planning treatment.

Classification and examples

  • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a large, varied group with many subtypes differing in speed of growth and response to therapy.
  • Hodgkin lymphoma: defined by characteristic Reed–Sternberg cells and a generally distinct clinical course.
  • Other specific types: B‑cell and T‑cell lymphomas, primary central nervous system lymphoma, hepatosplenic lymphoma.

History, treatment and outlook

Descriptions of what is now called Hodgkin lymphoma date back to the 19th century and led to modern pathological classification. Treatment depends on type and stage and may combine chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted immunotherapies and, in selected cases, stem cell transplantation. Prognosis varies widely: some lymphomas are highly curable while others require long‑term management.

Importance and further reading

Because lymphomas encompass many distinct diseases, accurate diagnosis is essential for appropriate care. For more clinical and patient information consult specialist sources and guidelines via the links above and trusted medical services. Early evaluation of persistent lymph node swelling or systemic symptoms is recommended.