King of Arms: senior heraldic officer who grants and oversees coats of arms

Typical duties and organisation

Kings of Arms supervise heraldic offices and usually sit above heralds and pursuivants in the hierarchy. Common duties include:

• examining and granting coats of arms, and maintaining the official rolls and records;
• advising on heraldic, genealogical and ceremonial matters for state occasions;
• acting for orders of chivalry and participating in processions, proclamations and investitures;
• sometimes exercising judicial or regulatory powers over the use of arms within a legal system.

Historical background

The office grew out of medieval heralds who served monarchs and noble houses at tournaments, on campaign and in court. Over time those practical functions developed into formal institutions that documented lineage and armorial bearings. Different kingdoms evolved distinct agencies: in England a college of officers operated under royal authority, while in Scotland the office became integrated with a court responsible for enforcing heraldic law.

Variations by jurisdiction

Titles and powers differ between countries. In England and parts of Britain a college or corporation of arms employs Kings of Arms alongside heralds; examples of senior titles in that tradition are widely known. In Scotland the senior heraldic officer is part of a court with statutory powers to grant and regulate arms. Other countries either use equivalent officials, state agencies, or no formal heraldic body at all; republican or non-heraldic traditions may assign the same functions to different institutions.

Importance and contemporary role

Today Kings of Arms remain important for preserving historical records, ensuring the correct use of armorial emblems and advising on ceremonial protocol. Their work supports genealogy, civic identity and the visual language of institutions and families. Because systems vary, some countries recognize heraldic grants as legal documents while others treat them as honorary or administrative acts.

Further reading and references

For information about how the office functions in particular countries see resources on England, Scotland and Wales, and general material about coats of arms. These sources outline local practice, the names of principal offices and historical development.