Iwo Jima

Iwojima (Japanese 硫黄島, Iōtō [ioːtoː], also Iōjima [ioːʑima], literally "Sulphur Island") ( listen^{? /i}) is a 23.73 km² volcanic island in the Pacific Ocean, about 1200 kilometres south of Tokyo. It belongs to the Kazan-rettō of the Ogasawara Islands.

The island is not accessible to civilians, and today there are about 400 Japanese soldiers stationed on it. At the request of its former inhabitants, the island was renamed by the Japanese government in June 2007 back to its original name of Iōtō (obsolete Iwōtō), by which it was known before World War II. Japanese naval officers who had been transferred there to fortify the island before the Battle of Iwojima had interpreted the pronunciation of the kanji for island (島) as -jima (Kun reading) instead of -tō (On reading).

Geology

The 170 meter high volcano Suribachi is the highest point of the island.

Iwojima lies within a caldera about nine kilometers in diameter that was formed during a volcanic eruption probably 3000 years ago. After the eruption, the refilling of the magma chamber led to the uplift of the caldera floor; between the years 1600 and 2000, the island rose by about 120 metres. Earthquake swarms occur during this process. Fumaroles are active on Iwojima. Smaller eruptions occurred in 1982, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009, and 2012; these were often phreatic explosions. In September 2001, a submarine eruption occurred about 150 to 200 meters off the southeast coast of the island.

History

Settlement

The island was uninhabited until 1889, but was then settled, incorporated into the Japanese state in 1891, and developed as a base in the Pacific.

In 1943, the population was 1018 people in 192 households distributed on Motoyama (元山, i.e. "origin mountain", the central elevation of the island) and therefore Higashi (東, i.e. "east"), Minami (南, i.e. "south"), Nishi (西, i.e. "west") and Kita (北, i.e. "north"). The municipal government, which existed until 1940 (when the municipality was incorporated into Ogasawara), was responsible for the entire Kazan-rettō island chain, including the towns of Ishinomura and Nishimura on Kita-Iwojima. It was headquartered in the village of Higashi on the east of the island. In 1944, the civilian population was evacuated to the main Japanese islands.

Second World War

During World War II, Iwojima was one of Japan's Pacific bases. It had three airfields.

The economically unimportant island had a very great strategic importance for both the Japanese and the Americans: The Japanese could spot American bomber fleets taking off from Saipan in the direction of Tokyo very early and warn the main island. For the Americans it was much easier to bomb the Japanese main island after the conquest of this island, because now also fighter planes could accompany the bombers as escort, which was not possible before because of the too small range. In addition, Iwojima would have played an important role in an invasion of the Japanese main island, which did not happen due to Japan's surrender.

After more than 50 hours of bombardment, U.S. troops finally landed on the island on February 19, 1945. The battle for Iwojima became one of the bloodiest of the Pacific War. According to historian Samuel Eliot Morison, the American side mourned 6825 dead and 27,909 wounded, while 20,703 Japanese casualties were recorded. Only 216 Japanese soldiers survived the inferno.

On February 23, 1945, Associated Press photographer Joe Rosenthal took the photo Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, which shows a group of six soldiers raising a U.S. flag on the island's highest point, the Suribachi volcano. The award-winning photo went around the world and holds a place in the collective memory of the United States.

Postwar

On Iwojima was a transmitting station of the radio navigation system LORAN-C of the transmitter chain Grid 9970 (24° 48′ 6″ N, 141° 19′ 30″ E24.8016666667141.325). The transmitter had a transmitting power of 4000 kW, making it one of the most powerful transmitters in the world. In 1965, the station's 411.5 m high transmission mast collapsed during maintenance work, destroying the transmitter building along with all technical equipment. The station was rebuilt and got again a 411.5 m high transmitter mast. In September 1993 it was decommissioned and the antenna mast was dismantled.