Isla de la Juventud — Cuba’s second-largest island and special municipality

Geography and population

The island is the largest member of the Canarreos Archipelago, a chain of some 350 isles and keys. Its terrain consists of low hills, coastal plains and mangrove-fringed lagoons; the interior supports dry forest and areas of agricultural use. The capital and largest city is Nueva Gerona on the northern shore; Santa Fe is the island’s second-largest and oldest town, located inland. Other settlements include Columbia, Punta del Este and several smaller villages. The permanent population is commonly estimated at around 100,000 residents, though seasonal changes occur with fishing and tourism activities.

History and name

The island has a layered history that includes pre-Columbian indigenous presence, European contact and varied colonial uses. For much of the modern era it was known in Spanish as Isla de Pinos (Isle of Pines), a name that reflected its vegetation and that appeared on maps for centuries. In 1978 the official name was changed to Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth), a designation intended to reflect the island’s growing focus on education and youth programs. Over time it has also been associated with maritime activity, including periods when remote islands were used as refuges, outposts and penal sites.

Economy, infrastructure and services

The island’s economy is a mixture of agriculture, fishing, limited industry and tourism. Local agriculture produces citrus, root crops and other staples suited to the climate and soils, while coastal waters support fishing communities. Tourism is smaller-scale than on Cuba’s main island but growing around natural attractions, beaches and historical sites. As a special municipality, the island receives direct national support for infrastructure such as ports, an airport near Nueva Gerona, health services and schools.

Culture, institutions and notable facts

Culturally, Isla de la Juventud reflects typical Cuban influences blended with a distinct island identity. It has educational institutions, cultural centers and community festivals that serve both residents and visiting students or workers. The island also retains historical sites connected to its past uses; these are part of local heritage and of interest to visitors. Its status as a separate municipal entity and its former name, Isla de Pinos, are frequently noted in discussions of Cuban geography and administration.

Quick facts

• Area: about 3,056 km².
• Location: Gulf of Batabanó, southwest of mainland Cuba.
• Archipelago: largest island of the Canarreos group.
• Administrative status: Special Municipality of Cuba.
• Former name: Isla de Pinos (until 1978).

For further reading about the island’s geography, history and contemporary life, consult maps and regional overviews or follow local resources and official Cuban publications for the most current information.