Iguana (genus Iguana)

Description and characteristics

Physically, iguanas have robust bodies, long tails, and well-developed limbs. Many show a dewlap (a loose throat flap) and a row of dorsal spines. Color varies by species, age and sex: green tones are common, though some populations display browns, grays or bands. Their teeth and jaws are suited for a primarily plant-based diet, but juveniles may take insects. Iguanas are ectothermic and rely on basking to regulate body temperature.

Distribution, habitat and ecology

Natural ranges include tropical lowland forests, mangroves and islands in Central and South America and the Caribbean. The two recognized species differ in distribution: one is widespread on the mainland and many islands, while the other is restricted to parts of the Lesser Antilles. Iguanas are often associated with trees and water; many are competent swimmers and descend to the ground to feed, nest and bask.

Behavior, diet and reproduction

Iguanas are primarily herbivorous as adults, eating leaves, flowers and fruit, though diet can vary by season and site. They are diurnal and often bask in sunlight to warm up. Reproduction is seasonal in many areas: females dig nests in sandy or loose soil, lay clutches of eggs and abandon them to incubate. Young iguanas hatch fully formed and are independent at birth.

Human interactions and conservation

People keep iguanas as pets and use them as a food source in some regions. The popular pet trade and habitat loss have affected wild populations. The green iguana has also been introduced outside its native range, where it can become an invasive species, altering local ecosystems. Conservation concerns vary by species and location; some island populations face higher risks from habitat change, hunting and introduced predators.

Notable facts and distinctions

• Two widely referenced species are commonly discussed in field guides and conservation literature: the widespread green iguana and the Lesser Antillean iguana (species overview).
• Their presence across mainland and island habitats connects to regional ecology and human culture in Central (Central America) and South America (South America) and the Caribbean (Caribbean).
• General information about their biology and care appears in natural history sources and pet guides (tropical reptile resources).

For introductory identification and natural history, consult regional field guides and reputable conservation organizations. Further scientific detail is available through specialist literature and herpetological studies (lizard resources).