In typography, the terms were set when all printing was done with metal type. Font or fount was all the letters or characters of a single size of a typeface. For example, all characters for 9-point Bulmer is a font, and the 10 point size would be another font.
With the increase in the use of personal computers, the definition of font has changed. The term font is now often used as another name for a typeface. The size of the characters has no effect on fonts when using this definition.
The first typesetting script was created around 1450 by Johannes Gutenberg, who developed movable type (types) together with the hand-casting instrument. His invention made it possible to duplicate the individual letters cut into metal in a form-identical manner and then to assemble them into different printing forms that were homogeneous in themselves. This made it possible to make technical use of the advantages of the alphabetic writing system. With a manageable supply of characters, any text could be set, printed and thus reproduced in different arrangements. This modular principle is also used for digital fonts. Whether for network communication (chat, SMS, e-mail) or desktop publishing: Written statements are "composed" of individual letters.
In the days of lead type, the production of typesetting fonts was a highly specialized craft, sometimes steeped in professional secrets, practiced by a small select group of qualified type designers and stamp cutters. The design and technical realization of a typeface often took several years. Nevertheless, only fifty years after Gutenberg's invention, there were already about 2000 different typesetting fonts.
Until the 1980s - i.e. for more than 500 years - a typesetting script was cast in lead. From the beginning, it was used exclusively for printing. For this reason, the various typesetting fonts were also colloquially referred to as printing type.
→ Main article: Typesetting (print)
· Hand typesetting
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Lead sheet with typeface "F
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Lines in the angled hook
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Typeset text in typeset ship
Casting, typesetting and printing remained manual work for more than 350 years after Gutenberg. The transition to industrial production did not begin until the 1920s, when the first typesetting machine was patented in England. Further developments prepared the way for Ottmar Mergenthaler's Linotype line-casting machine (1886). This combined type casting and typesetting into one operation and was used mainly for newspaper printing. Extensive text could be entered quickly using a keyboard. In 1897 the Monotype was invented, in which the letters were cast and assembled individually by means of storage on punched tape. These machines were only partially superseded by desktop publishing.
After the Second World War, intensive work was carried out to initially replace the production of printing plates from lead with optomechanical processes. The casting device was replaced by a film exposure chamber. With the development of phototypesetting technology, typesetting began to break free not only from its bond to lead, but subsequently also from that to film material. With the increasing use of electronic components instead of mechanical ones, the optomechanical principle was transferred to digitally operating systems. In 1965, Rudolf Hell invented the Digiset digital electronic phototypesetting system, in which the characters were generated electronically. From the mid-eighties onwards, desktop publishing (DTP) emerged, revolutionising the production methods of and with type. The technical principles behind this are still valid today. In the course of this upheaval, the design and template technology of typesetting fonts also changed several times.
Today, typesetting fonts are produced and used electronically. With the help of adequate software, they are designed in pixel or vector form and stored in encoded form in digital data formats. In the form of fonts (digital type carriers), they form the source material for type applications in printing and in virtual text presentation/processing in desktop publishing and on the web, as well as for written information on electronic computer screens and the displays of everyday devices.
Depending on the resolution requirements of the respective devices, screen fonts on the one hand and print fonts on the other are sometimes displayed in separate files. For example, special typesetting fonts are designed for mini displays of mobile output devices such as tablets, smartphones, MP3 players and digital cameras.
The elimination of technical and economic barriers means that anyone can develop a typeface with a font editor (Fontlab, Fontographer or the free editor FontForge) and offer it for sale on the Internet. Currently, it is estimated that millions of fonts are on the market. New ones are created every day all over the world.
