What are executive functions?
Q: What are executive functions?
A: Executive functions are cognitive processes used by higher animals, including humans, to control their behavior. They involve choosing what to do and what to control, and whether the chosen goals have been achieved.
Q: What are some examples of executive functions?
A: Examples of executive functions include attentional control, cognitive inhibition, inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility. Higher-order executive functions require the use of several basic executive functions and include planning and fluid intelligence (for example reasoning and problem-solving).
Q: How do executive functions develop over time?
A: Executive functions change during lifespan of an individual and can be improved at any time.
Q: What type of tests are used to assess the level of these functions?
A: Tests have been developed to assess the level of these functions such as the Stroop test or Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Functions scale.
Q: How is operant conditioning different from using executive function?
A: With operant conditioning individuals are "taught" to react in a certain way to a given stimulus whereas with using executive function an individual must override the response to a stimulus using those same skills. This is called inhibitory control.
Q: What part of the brain is necessary for executive function?
A: The prefrontal cortex is necessary but not solely sufficient for executive function; other parts of the brain also have a role in mediating inhibitory control.
Q: What conditions affect cognitive control?
A: Conditions that affect cognitive control include addiction, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, and other central nervous system disorders.
