Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Miller Hemingway ([ˈɜːnɪst ˈmɪlə ˈhɛmɪŋwɛɪ] (BE) or [ˈɜrnɪst ˈmɪɫəʳ ˈhɛmɪŋweɪ] (AE); * July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois; † 2. July 1961 in Ketchum, Idaho) was one of the most successful and well-known U.S. writers of the 20th century. In 1953 he received the Pulitzer Prize for his novella The Old Man and the Sea and in 1954 the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Hemingway was not only a writer, but also a reporter and war correspondent, as well as an adventurer, deep-sea fisherman and big-game hunter, which is reflected in his work. From 1921 to 1927 he was a European correspondent in Paris for the Toronto Star and other magazines. During this time he also became acquainted with other important exponents of modernism, such as Gertrude Stein, James Joyce, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, and F. Scott Fitzgerald. Hemingway had a very close friendship with the latter.

Hemingway gave expression to the weariness of life of the Lost Generation. Taking Mark Twain and Gertrude Stein as models, he developed a "modern classicism" whose hallmark is a particular sparseness of style. Hemingway's narrative style is terse. He himself justified his style with the so-called iceberg theory.

Ernest Hemingway is the author of a large number of classics of modern American literature. These include the novels Fiesta, In Another Country, and To Whom the Bell Tolls, the novella The Old Man and the Sea, and short stories such as The End of Something, Cat in the Rain, A Clean, Well-Lighted Café, and Snow on Mount Kilimanjaro. Hemingway also wrote non-fiction books, including the hunting report The Green Hills of Africa, an essay on bullfighting (Death in the Afternoon) or Paris - A Feast for Life, a memoir of his time in Paris, which appeared posthumously in 1964.

Family

Parents

• Father: Clarence Hemingway (1871-1928)
• Mother: Grace Hall (1872-1951)

Siblings

• Marcelline Hemingway (1898-1963)
• Ursula Hemingway (1902-1966)
• Madelaine Hemingway (1904-1995)
• Carol Hemingway (1911-2002)
• Leicester Hemingway (1915-1982)

Not only Ernest Hemingway died by suicide, but also three of the above family members - the father, sister Ursula and brother Leicester. 35 years after Ernest, the fifth, his granddaughter Margaux, actress and model, also took her own life.

Marriages

• 1st marriage (⚭ 3 September 1921): Elizabeth Hadley Richardson (1891-1979)
• John Hemingway (1923-2000) ⚭ Byra Whittlesey (1922-1988)
• Joan Hemingway (* 1950)
• Margaux Hemingway (1954-1996)
• Mariel Hemingway (* 1961)

• 2nd marriage (⚭ 10 May 1927): Pauline Pfeiffer (1895-1951)
• Patrick Hemingway (* 1928)
• Gloria Hemingway (1931-2001), before gender reassignment surgery Gregory Hemingway

• 3rd marriage (⚭ 21 November 1940): Martha Gellhorn (1908-1998)

• 4th marriage (⚭ 14 March 1946): Mary Welsh (1908-1986)

Works

Novels and short story collections

• Three Stories and Ten Poems, 1923, Anthology
• In Our Time, 1925 - short story collection from Europe.
• The Torrents of Spring, 1926 - (short) novel.
• The Sun Also Rises (Engl. Fiesta), 1926 - novel about post-war generation in Europe.

• Men Without Women, 1927 - collection of 14 short stories.
• A Farewell to Arms (Engl. In Another Country), 1929 - novel set during the First World War.
• Death in the Afternoon, 1932 - Essay on bullfighting and its history.
• Winner Takes Nothing (Engl. The Winner Goes Empty (1958)), 1933 - short story collection, including A Clean, Well-Lighted Café.
• The Green Hills of Africa, 1935 - History from Africa.
• To Have and Have Not (Engl. Haben und Nichthaben), 1937 - novel from Key West.
• The Spanish War, London 1938.
• The Fifth Column: and four Stories of the Spanish Civil War, 1940, New York: Scribner's Sons Book; New York: Macmillan Publ. Co., 1989, ISBN 0-684-15815-9.
• For Whom the Bell tolls (Engl. Wem die Stunde schlägt), 1940 - novel from the Spanish Civil War.
• Across the River and into the Trees, 1950 - World War II novel.
• The Old Man and the Sea, 1952 - novella from Cuba.
• A Moveable Feast (Engl. Paris - A Feast for Life), posthumous 1964 - Memoirs.
• Islands in the Stream, posthumous 1970 - novel about the Caribbean, its sons and the war.
• The Nick Adams Stories 1972 - cycle of short stories with the protagonist Nick Adams, collection from earlier publications (among others with The Killers) and some works from the estate.
• The Dangerous Summer, posthumous 1985 - description of Hemingway's last bullfighting trip to Spain.
• The Garden of Eden, posthumous 1986 - novel about a ménage à trois in southern France.
• True at First Light, posthumous 1999 - description of Hemingway's last safari in Africa.

Selected short stories

• Up in Michigan (Eng. Up in Michigan), 1921 - Hemingway's first short story.
• Cat in the Rain, 1924 - short story.
• The End of Something, 1925 - short story about the end of a relationship.
• Soldier's Home (Engl.: Soldiers at Home), 1925
• A Clean, Well-Lighted Place (Eng. A Clean, Well-Lighted Café), 1927 - short story.
• In Another Country, 1927 - short story set during the First World War on the Italian front.
• The Undefeated, 1927 - short story about a bullfighter in Spain.
• The Killers, 1927 - short story from the time of Prohibition.
• Hills Like White Elephants, 1927 - short story.
• A Day's Wait - 1933 - Short Story.
• The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, 1936 - short story from Africa.
• The Snows of Kilimanjaro, 1936 - short story from Africa.
• Old Man at the Bridge (Engl. Old Man at the Bridge) - story from the Spanish Civil War, 1938.

Selected German editions

• Collected Works in 10 Volumes (Pb.), Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 2003 (new edition), ISBN 3-499-23508-0.
• Sämtliche Gedichte: Amerikanisch/Deutsch, Rowohlt 1988, ISBN 3-499-12306-1.

Correspondence:

• with F. Scott Fitzgerald, edited and translated by Benjamin Lebert. We're damned lousy acrobats. A Friendship in Letters. Hoffmann und Campe Verlag, Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-455-40466-1.