Double bass (contrabass, upright bass)

Characteristics and parts

A typical double bass has four strings (some models have five) and is usually tuned in fourths, most often to E–A–D–G. The instrument is built from a carved spruce top and maple back and ribs, with a long fingerboard of ebony or similar hardwood and a metal endpin to support its weight. Visible parts include the scroll, neck, fingerboard, body, bridge, tailpiece and endpin, all of which affect tone and playability.

Playing techniques and sound

Performers use a bow (arco) for sustained, lyrical lines and pizzicato (plucked) strokes for rhythmic accompaniment. In jazz ensembles the upright bass commonly plays the walking bass line, often plucked; in rockabilly it may be slapped for percussive effect. It provides the low-pitched foundation heard in genres ranging from classical to country and bluegrass.

History and relationships

The double bass developed alongside bowed instruments in the 16th–17th centuries and evolved to meet orchestral needs. It is related in shape and function to the violin, viola and cello, but has a distinct body size, tuning and role. Orchestral practice and solo repertoire expanded in the 18th and 19th centuries to exploit its range and sonority.

Uses, variants and notable facts

• Ensembles: standard in orchestras, jazz groups, bluegrass and popular bands.
• Styles: arco for classical, pizzicato for jazz, slap technique in rockabilly.
• Variations: acoustic upright, five-string models, and electrically amplified or electric upright basses for stage work.

Because of its range and versatility, the double bass is both a foundational ensemble instrument and, in expert hands, a solo voice capable of melodic, virtuosic expression.