Ethnogenesis
The ethnogenesis of the Croats has not yet been conclusively clarified scientifically. There is only evidence that Slavs and Avars settled in the area of present-day Croatia in the 6th/7th century. Before that, Greeks, Illyrians and Romans, among others, lived in the area of today's Croatia.
In the 7th century AD, the territory of present-day Croatia probably belonged to the periphery of the Avar Empire.
In his written records (called "De administrando imperio" by humanists) Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos reports that a nation of Croats was called into the country in the 7th century by the Byzantine emperor Herakleios from his homeland on the Vistula (so-called White Croatia) as protection against the Avars. According to this, a part of the Croats advanced to Dalmatia and Pannonia and within a few years defeated the Avars and drove them out to the area northwest of the Danube. Some historians interpret this news as meaning that the Croats were settled in Dalmatia by the Byzantine emperor as federates.
Both the credibility of the report of Constantine Porphyrogennetos and the question of who exactly the Croats mentioned by him were and their relationship to the Croats of today are disputed in research.
The first reliable news of a Croatian principality in the area of present-day northern Dalmatia dates back to the 9th century.
In its current area of distribution in the South Slavic region, the term Croatian is documented in written form for the first time in a deed of donation by Prince Trpimir I, who ruled from about 845 to about 864. In this document, Trpimir is dubbed dux Chroatorum.
In 879, Pope John VIII designated Prince Branimir as the ruler of the Regnum Croatorum ("Kingdom of the Croats").
In the period up to the 10th century, the designation Croats referred only to the inhabitants of a limited area corresponding to the territory of the Croatian state at that time, which included the Lika, the Krbava, the westernmost part of present-day Bosnia up to the river Pliva, and the hinterland of the Dalmatian cities of Zadar, Trogir and Split, but not these cities themselves. Only in the course of time did the scope of the self-designation Croats extend to other areas where self-designations such as Slovinci, Slovenci had previously been in use, going back to *Slověnьce, a form of common designation for the Slavs.
The plural form Hrvati, Hrvate originally referred not only to the inhabitants but also to the land. Later, the term hrvatska zemlja (Croatian land) was in use for it until the 18th century, since then elliptically simply Hrvatska (Croatia).
The term Croats has had its current meaning and scope since the time of the Croatian national revival in the 19th century.
Emigration
A large number of Croats left the old homeland in the course of time for economic or political reasons. Today's Croatian diaspora can be traced back to them.
The first major migration of Croats took place in the 15th and 16th centuries at the beginning of the Ottoman conquests in what is now Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. At that time, people fled to safer areas within Croatia, but also to other areas of the then Habsburg Empire (to the territory of the present-day states of Austria, Slovakia and Hungary). The Burgenland-Croatian minority of about 60,000 people can be traced back to this migration, which today is counted among the autochthonous minorities due to their centuries-long settledness in their present settlement area.
At the end of the 19th/beginning of the 20th century, a larger number of Croats emigrated overseas, mainly for economic reasons, including to North America, South America (especially Chile and Argentina), Australia and New Zealand.
Emigration to the United States began in Dalmatia in the years 1850 to 1870, and in Croatia-Slavonia from 1873 onwards. Emigrants from Croatia-Slavonia came mainly from Lika-Krbava County (since the 1880s) and from the area around Zagreb, and later also from other parts of the country. There were isolated cases of Croatian emigration to South America as early as the 1850s. Emigration from Dalmatia to Chile began in the 1860s. In the 1880s, emigration from Dalmatia, especially from the Dalmatian islands, to North and South America became a mass emigration.
The main reason for emigration from Dalmatia was the economic situation, especially the over-indebtedness of the rural population as a result of the decline of the colonial system and the transition to a cash economy. Specifically for the wine-growing areas, such as the island of Brač, the crisis in viticulture as a result of the "wine clause" of the Austro-Italian customs agreement of 1891 and the spread of phylloxera added to the problem. At the same time, the spread of steamships also ruined sailing. In addition, young men in particular emigrated to escape the enforcement of compulsory military service by the Austrian authorities from the mid-19th century onwards. In the wine-growing areas around Zagreb, the destruction of viticulture by phylloxera was also one of the reasons for emigration.
The number of Croatian emigrants to the United States increased to about 20,000 per year in the first decade of the 20th century. The total number of Croatian emigrants to the United States at the beginning of the 20th century was estimated at about 280,000, of whom 160,000 were from Croatia-Slavonia, 80,000 from Dalmatia, 20,000 from Bosnia, and 15,000 from Herzegovina. With 80,000 to 100,000, the largest group lived in the state of Pennsylvania (mainly in Pittsburgh), 45,000 lived in Illinois (mainly in Chicago), 35,000 in Ohio (mainly in Cleveland).
The number of Croatian emigrants in Chile at this time cannot be precisely determined due to the lack of reliable statistics; for approximately 1914, there are estimates of between 5,000 and 25,000 for the whole of Chile. The Croatian emigrants in Chile were mostly from Dalmatia, especially from the island of Brač, as well as from the Omiš area, Hvar, Vis and the Dubrovnik area. Croatian emigrants settled mainly in southern Chile in what is now the Magallanes region, and in the mining areas of northern Chile in what are now the Antofagasta and Tarapacá regions. In 1914, 3,200 Croatian emigrants were counted in the southern Chilean city of Punta Arenas alone.
Another major wave of emigration - this time for political reasons - took place immediately after the end of the Second World War. Here, mainly members and collaborators of the Ustasha regime as well as monarchists fled.
In the second half of the 20th century, numerous Croats went as guest workers, mainly to Germany (especially Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria), Austria or Switzerland, largely due to difficult economic living conditions. There were also some emigrants for political reasons, especially after the end of the Croatian Spring. This migration enabled the then communist Yugoslavia to reduce unemployment and at the same time created an enormous source of foreign exchange income through the remittances sent by the emigrants to their families.
Parts of the Croatian diaspora repeatedly participated actively in the politics of their country of origin during the 20th century. Most recently, during the Croatian war in the first half of the 1990s, diaspora Croats collected significant amounts of aid and provided financial support (especially through donations via Gojko Šušak, which were used to buy weapons despite the existing embargo) to the war-affected country.
