Corpus cavernosum penis

Structure and histology

Each corpus cavernosum is formed from a network of blood-filled spaces (sinusoids) lined by endothelium and supported by trabeculae of connective tissue and smooth muscle. They are enveloped by a dense fibrous layer called the tunica albuginea, which helps trap blood and create rigidity. The paired proximal attachments, called crura, attach to the pelvic bones and anchor the penis.

Function and physiology

During sexual arousal the cavernosal arteries dilate and blood fills the sinusoids. Expansion of the corpora compresses venous outflow against the tunica albuginea, a veno-occlusive mechanism that sustains an erection. Neural signals and local mediators such as nitric oxide regulate smooth muscle relaxation and blood flow.

Development, name and distinctions

The name derives from Latin meaning "cave-like body." In embryonic development the corpora arise from mesenchymal tissue and differentiate with the penile shaft. They differ from the corpus spongiosum, which remains more compliant to protect the urethra during erection.

Clinical relevance

• Peyronie’s disease: fibrous scarring of the tunica albuginea can produce curvature.
• Priapism: prolonged erection due to impaired venous drainage risks tissue damage.
• Erectile dysfunction: vascular, neural, or tissue changes in the corpora can reduce erectile quality; treatments target blood flow or use implants.
• Trauma and surgery: injuries or corrective procedures may involve the corpora and their coverings.

For general anatomy references see penile anatomy. For descriptions of the tissue texture use the term sponge-like. For hemodynamic emphasis see articles on blood flow and on the physiology of erection. This overview focuses on broadly accepted features without exhaustive procedural detail.