Coral snake

Appearance and biology

Most coral snakes show bright, contrasting bands that serve as warning coloration. Many species are relatively small; North American examples average about 3 feet (approximately 91 cm) in length, although larger individuals up to about 5 feet (150 cm) have been recorded. Some aquatic or semi-aquatic species have flattened tails that act as a swimming aid.

Like other elapids, coral snakes possess specialized fangs used to inject venom. In typical elapid fashion these are short, hollow and fixed at the front of the mouth (proteroglyphous), but a few taxa have different tooth arrangements; generalizations about fang anatomy vary across species. Their diet commonly includes other snakes (ophiophagy), lizards, frogs, small birds, and small mammals.

Venom and human interactions

Coral snake venoms are primarily neurotoxic, affecting the nervous system and potentially causing paralysis. Envenomation is relatively uncommon because coral snakes are not aggressive and bites are rare in many parts of their range. When bites do occur, symptoms can progress slowly and medical treatment should be sought promptly. Antivenom and supportive respiratory care are the mainstays of treatment in clinical settings.

Distribution, classification and diversity

• Family context: coral snakes belong to the elapid group (elapid family), which also includes cobras, mambas and sea snakes.
• Old World: a small group represented mainly by the genus Calliophis, with about 11 recognized species (Old World, Calliophis).
• New World: a larger radiation found in the Americas, including the genera Micrurus, Micruroides and Leptomicrurus, with over 65 recognized species (New World, species list).

Mimicry, identification and notable facts

Bright banding has led to widespread mimicry: several harmless species imitate coral snake coloration to deter predators. In parts of North America a common folk rhyme attempts to distinguish venomous coral snakes from mimics, but such rules are region-specific and not universally reliable. Coral snakes tend to grasp and hold when they bite, a behavior that contrasts with many viper species that strike and release. Despite their potency, coral snakes account for a small fraction of reported snakebites in regions such as the United States (bite statistics).

Human significance and conservation

Coral snakes are of interest to herpetologists because of their specialized diets, diverse life histories and role in mimicry complexes. Habitat loss, road mortality and persecution affect some populations, and conservation status varies by species. Field identification, respect for wildlife, and awareness of local venomous species are important for safety and conservation. For further general background see resources on elapid snakes and venomous snake management (venom information, family overview, Old World, New World, species listings, genera, statistics).