Confirmation is a Christian rite through which a baptized person affirms the promises made at baptism and receives a special commissioning or strengthening by the Holy Spirit. In many traditions it is considered one of the sacraments or principal rites of initiation that confirms and completes the grace first given in baptism. Practices and theological emphases vary widely among Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, Lutheran, Reformed, Methodist and Baptist communities.

Typical elements and form

The rite often includes a public renewal of baptismal vows, prayer, the laying on of hands, and anointing with chrism or oil. A bishop or a priest acting with episcopal authority commonly presides. Sponsors or godparents may stand with the candidate to give visible support. Elements commonly found in confirmation services include:

  • Presentation of candidates
  • Renewal of baptismal promises
  • Laying on of hands and a blessing invoking the Holy Spirit
  • Anointing with chrism or oil in some traditions
  • A sign of peace or welcome into the adult life of the church

History and development

The rite has roots in the early church practice of laying on hands to confer the Holy Spirit. Over time different churches separated or combined this action with baptism. For example, in the Eastern Orthodox tradition chrismation normally follows baptism immediately, even for infants. In Western churches the laying on of hands was often deferred until a bishop could preside, producing the later custom of a separate confirmation ceremony.

Denominational differences

Roman Catholic theology regards confirmation as a sacrament that strengthens baptismal grace and equips the confirmed for Christian witness. Eastern churches treat chrismation as the sacramental sealing that normally accompanies baptism. Anglicans and Lutherans commonly celebrate confirmation as a mature profession of faith often required before receiving first Communion in some parishes. Many Reformed and evangelical communities emphasize a public profession of faith that may look like confirmation but is not always sacramental. Baptist and most Pentecostal groups focus on believer's baptism and do not practice confirmation as a separate sacrament.

Importance and contemporary practice

For individuals, confirmation is frequently understood as a moment of personal commitment to Christian faith and responsibility in the church. Schools, parish programs and adult education classes commonly prepare candidates by teaching core doctrines, Scripture, and the life of the church. Debates continue about the appropriate age, the relation to baptism and Communion, and the pastoral purpose of the rite in modern congregational life.

For further general background see Christianity overview, historical summaries at early church resources, explanations about baptismal promises at baptism and vows, and guidance on confirmation and Communion practice at church practice guides.