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Aachen

Author: Leandro Alegsa

06-09-2021

The title of this article is ambiguous. For other meanings, see Aachen (disambiguation).

Aachen [ˈaːxn̩] (Öcher Platt: Oche; French Aix-la-Chapelle [ɛkslaʃaˈpɛl]; Dutch Aken; Latin Aquæ Granni) is an independent large city in the North Rhine-Westphalian administrative district of Cologne. The former imperial city is a member of the Landschaftsverband Rheinland (Regional Association of the Rhineland) and, according to the Aachen Act with effect from 21 October 2009, the administrative seat of the Städteregion Aachen. In 1890 Aachen exceeded the population of 100,000 for the first time and since then has been the westernmost major German city. Aachen borders on the Netherlands and Belgium.

With the Rhenish-Westphalian Technical University (RWTH), funded since 2007 as part of the Excellence Initiative, Aachen has one of the largest and most traditional technical universities in Europe, along with other institutions of higher education. The city's landmark, Aachen Cathedral, dates back to the Palatine Chapel of the Aachen Royal Palatinate founded by Charlemagne, which is considered a masterpiece of Carolingian architecture. Together with the cathedral treasury, the cathedral was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1978 as the first German and second cultural monument in the world. The city is the episcopal see of the Aachen diocese and the venue of the annual CHIO Aachen equestrian tournament. Furthermore, it is an important location for the German confectionery industry, in particular due to the Aachener Printen, a local speciality.

Due to the border location "in the heart of Europe", there are numerous cultural, especially architectural influences from the neighbouring regions, the Belgian-Dutch area. It is probably not least because of this European character - Charlemagne, who made Aachen the political, cultural and spiritual centre of his empire, was called Pater Europae ("Father of Europe") during his lifetime - that the International Charlemagne Prize has been awarded here annually since 1950 to personalities from Germany and abroad for services to the European unification process.

Aachen is a state-recognised spa for the spa areas of Monheimsallee and Burtscheid with their rich thermal springs. The name Bad Aachen is occasionally used in the city's tourism advertising; however, the city has never applied to include the predicate Bad in its official name.

Geography

Location

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View from the Luisenhospital to Jakobskirche, Lousberg, city hall, cathedral and other characteristic buildings of the city

Aachen is located in the border region to the Netherlands and Belgium (Euregio Meuse-Rhine) on the northern edge of the Eifel and the Rhenish Slate Mountains respectively. The Eifel and the High Fens in the south, wide areas between the Lower Rhine and the Lower Meuse as well as the Ardennes are landscapes bordering Aachen. Nearby larger cities are Cologne, Düsseldorf, Duisburg, Bonn, Mönchengladbach, Krefeld, Leverkusen, Liège (Belgium), Maastricht, Heerlen and Roermond (all Netherlands). In addition, Aachen is bordered to the north and east by an urban agglomeration area that includes the towns of Herzogenrath, Übach-Palenberg, Alsdorf, Baesweiler and Würselen to the north, Eschweiler to the northeast and Stolberg to the east of the city.

Aachen is located in the border triangle of Germany-Belgium-Netherlands in the centre of the Euregio Meuse-Rhine, in a basin that opens to the northeast, where almost all of Aachen's streams collect in the Wurm and flow to the Rur. The city area is thus located in the catchment area of the Meuse, directly on the northern edge of the left Rhine slate mountains (Eifel), about 30 km north of the High Fens.

The highest point in the city area is 410 m above sea level and is located in the extreme southeast of the city. The lowest point is 125 m above sea level and is located in the north of the city on the federal border with the Netherlands. The market place in the city centre is at an altitude of 175 m above sea level. The length of the city border is 87.7 km, of which 23.8 km border with Belgium and 21.8 km with the Netherlands. The largest north-south extension is 21.6 km, the largest west-east extension is 17.2 km.

Neighboring communities

The following cities and municipalities border the city of Aachen (clockwise starting in the northwest):

Aachen city region: Herzogenrath, Würselen, Eschweiler, Stolberg, Roetgen
Province of Liège (Belgium): Raeren, Kelmis, Plombières
Province of Limburg (Netherlands): Vaals, Gulpen-Wittem, Simpelveld, Heerlen, Kerkrade

City breakdown

→ Main article: Districts of Aachen

The city is divided into seven districts: Aachen-Mitte, Brand, Eilendorf, Haaren, Kornelimünster/Walheim, Laurensberg and Richterich. Each district has its own district council with a district head as well as its own district office. The district representation is elected by the population of the borough at each municipal election. Some of the boroughs are divided into statistical districts for statistical purposes.

The Gemarkungen of Aachen, which partly coincide with the city districts, form a subdivision of the city area for cadastral purposes.

Independently of these official city divisions, there are numerous other place names for districts and quarters, localities and settlements in Aachen, which are generally regarded as districts of Aachen.

Climate

Aachen and the surrounding area belong to the temperate climate zone and have an oceanic climate, with humid weather, mild winters and relatively balanced temperatures. Due to its location north of the Eifel and the High Fens, the amount of precipitation (805 mm/year on average) in Aachen is comparatively higher than in Bonn (669 mm/year), for example, because of the prevailing westerly weather conditions. Another effect of the location on the northern edge of the Eifel is the occurrence of Föhn with southern air currents.

Due to the city's basin location, inversion weather conditions occur more frequently. Some parts of the city are characterised by an unfavourable air exchange over a large area. The numerous cold air corridors, which should remain free of development as far as possible in urban planning, are therefore important for the urban climate. This mesoclimatic function regulating the urban climate is also fulfilled by the landscape protection areas (LSG) in the Aachen region.

In strong weather conditions - wind force 3 (Beaufort scale) with southerly to westerly wind directions - sufficient air exchange is guaranteed in the valley basin. Stream valleys and green corridors along these wind directions, for example the Johannisbach valley, serve as ventilation paths. In weather conditions with little exchange (so-called neutral weather), problematic air-hygienic situations can occur. In these only medium exchange conditions, weak winds blow from northeasterly to southwesterly directions, so that in this respect stream valleys with such an orientation, such as the Beverbachtal, fulfil an important ventilation function. However, stable high-pressure weather conditions, i.e. fair weather conditions with low wind and high solar radiation, are problematic. Due to the insufficient air flows, the polluted air can hardly be replaced by fresh air. A positive air exchange is then only ensured by the cold air flowing into the valley basin, which forms at night on larger open areas close to the city. Such cold air flows occur, for example, via the Beverbachtal and the Erzbergerallee.

A special feature of the weather forecast for Aachen is the Aachen weather column, a luminous column about 11 metres high on the roof of the Haus Grenzwacht high-rise building at the main railway station, which indicates the weather forecast for the next day by means of the luminous colour of its sphere and different time sequences of the glow of the sphere and shaft.

Monthly average temperatures and precipitation for Aachen

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Max. Temperature (°C)	4,5	6,2	9,8	13,8	18,5	21,5	23	23	19,7	15	8,9	5,5	Ø	14,2
Min. temperature (°C)	−1,3	−1,2	1,1	3,6	7,6	10,7	12,4	12,1	9,5	6,3	2,4	−0,2	Ø	5,3

Precipitation (mm)	62,2	48,3	63,6	54,8	73,5	85,9	84,3	77,1	61,6	55	55	71,9		793,2

Sunshine hours (h/d)	1,7	2,6	3,6	4,8	6,2	6,1	6,4	6,1	4,9	3,9	2,2	1,5	Ø	4,2

Rainy days (d)	13	10	13	11	12	12	11	10	10	9	12	13		136

Humidity (%)	82	79	76	72	70	72	72	74	77	80	82	83	Ø	76,6

Temperature

4,5

−1,3

6,2

−1,2

9,8

1,1

13,8

3,6

18,5

7,6

21,5

10,7

12,4

12,1

19,7

9,5

6,3

8,9

2,4

5,5

−0,2

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Precipitation	62,2	48,3	63,6	54,8	73,5	85,9	84,3	77,1	61,6	55	55	71,9
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

Source: Climate Aachen Weather Aachen; wetterkontor.de

Geology

The subsoil of Aachen has a very heterogeneous structure. The oldest rocks occurring in the city area are Devonian and Carboniferous sandstones, greywackes, mudstones and limestones. The rock formations belong to the left Rhine slate mountains north of the High Fens. In the Upper Carboniferous these rock layers were constricted, folded and overthrust during the Variscan mountain building. After the Variscan Mountains folded up, the area was increasingly levelled over a period of 200 million years.

During the Cretaceous period, the sea advanced from the North Sea to the edge of the mountains near Aachen, depositing clays, sands and chalk sediments. While the clays, which were the basis of an important pottery industry not far from Aachen in Raeren, are mainly found in the Aachen basin, the heights of the Aachen Forest, the Schneeberg and the Lousberg are formed by Upper Cretaceous sand and chalk deposits. The youngest sediments, which are predominantly distributed in the north and east of Aachen, represent Tertiary and Quaternary fluvial and wind deposits.

Along the major overthrust trajectories of the Variscan mountain building - the Aachen and Burtscheid overthrust - the more than 30 Aachen and Burtscheid thermal springs emerge in the city area today, bound to Upper Devonian limestones. Aachen's subsoil is also criss-crossed by numerous tectonic faults, some of which are still active today, which belong to the fault system of the Rur Graben. In the past, this fault system has repeatedly caused earthquakes in Aachen and the entire Cologne Bay, for example in 823, 1756 near Düren and 1992 near Roermond.

City districts, statistical districts and place names of Aachen

Weather column on the high-rise building at the main station

Folded sandstones and mudstones of the Upper Devonian Condroz Formation below St. Adalbert

Environmental

In Aachen, in addition to soil, water, noise, climate and landscape protection, particular importance is attached to maintaining or restoring the best possible air quality.

Air quality

The valley location of Aachen's city centre, the heavy traffic there and the progressive development of open spaces have a negative impact on air hygiene. For example, the EU-relevant pollutant parameters particulate matter (PM10) and in particular nitrogen oxides (NOx) on Wilhelmstraße and Adalbertsteinweg have shown high to critical daily and annual mean values in recent years and also currently. These clear limit value transgressions are considered harmful to health: there is a threat of an increase in allergies, respiratory infections and cardiovascular diseases, as well as an increase in mortality. Particularly affected are predisposed persons, e.g. with asthma, as well as children and adolescents.

In the two spa areas of Burtscheid and Monheimsallee, considerably higher requirements apply compared to the general EU limit values for particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide. After these were not met for a long time and therefore even the title of spa was in danger, studies from 2016 proved compliance with the strict spa area guideline values.

In weather conditions with a high level of air exchange, sufficient air exchange is guaranteed in the highly polluted basin. In weather conditions with little exchange (so-called neutral weather), air-hygienic problematic situations can occur. However, stable high-pressure weather conditions are problematic.

As part of a clean air plan, the Solid Fuels Ordinance came into force on 9 October 2010 with a transitional period until 31 December 2014. In 2015, further measures were defined in the areas of transport and energy. By order of the Cologne district government, an environmental zone also had to be set up from 1 February 2016; it affects the area within the Aachen outer ring road.

Since the beginning of 2017, the Cologne district government has been preparing the second update of the Aachen Air Quality Plan. A central point is the examination and possible preparation of a diesel driving ban. This is the subject of a complaint by Deutsche Umwelthilfe (DUH) pending before the Aachen Administrative Court. DUH has already been successful with a similar petition before the VG Düsseldorf and the VG Stuttgart. The Federal Administrative Court has predominantly rejected the appeals lodged against it. However, when imposing a diesel driving ban as an air pollution control measure, proportionality must be maintained. Therefore, Euro 5 vehicles, for example, should not be subject to traffic bans before September 1, 2019. In addition, there must be exceptions, for example for tradesmen or certain groups of residents.

From November 2019, 30 km/h speed limits are to be introduced across the whole of the avenue ring.

Land use plan

Due to the high degree of sealing, the environmental agency also calls for the preservation or expansion of all inner-city, larger, open green spaces in order not to further endanger an effective fresh air supply.

In the course of the planned redrafting of the land use plan, the city administration is considering converting several cold air production areas into building land. Three citizens' initiatives were formed in the summer of 2014 to oppose the Beverau, Schönthal and Grauenhoferweg test areas.

Protected areas

According to the currently valid landscape plan of 1988, 451 ha of the city area are protected in 12 nature reserves and a further 8131 ha in the Aachen landscape protection area. A new landscape plan is currently (2018) in preparation; based on the draft, 1857 ha would then be protected in 32 NSGs and 8869 ha in 19 LSGs.