Burgundy

Burgundy (French Bourgogne [buʀˈgɔɲ]) is a countryside in central France. From 1956 to 2015, it was an autonomous region consisting of the departments of Côte-d'Or, Nièvre, Saône-et-Loire and Yonne. It had an area of 31,582 km² and 1,628,737 inhabitants (as of 1 January 2018). Its capital was Dijon. The Burgundy region merged with the Franche-Comté region to form Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

Geography

To the east, Burgundy is bordered by the Franche-Comté region, and to the north by Champagne-Ardenne and Île-de-France. To the west is the Centre-Val de Loire region, while to the south are the Auvergne and Rhône-Alpes regions.

Burgundy, with the Morvan, a spur of the Massif Central, has a share in the ancient crystalline areas. Otherwise, Mesozoic sediments (mostly from the Jura) form the bedrock. On the eastern flank, fracture steps lead to the Saône furrow.

The Burgundian Gate, as the name of the natural depression between the Vosges and the Jura, does not border the present-day region of Burgundy, but the Free County, and thus refers to the name historically assigned to different areas.

History

The history of today's French region of Burgundy must be distinguished from the complex development of the various territories whose name has been associated at certain times since the time of the migration of peoples with the name of the East Germanic tribe of the Burgundians; today's region, as a geographically and culturally evolved unit with a core area in the Saône basin, which largely corresponds to the Duchy of Burgundy that existed from the 10th century until the French Revolution, is the only large geographical unit that still refers to this tradition by name today. The following refers largely to this area, but the delimitation of the historical region has been more mobile over 1500 years than that of almost any other European region.

Early history

The present region was already inhabited by people in the Palaeolithic Age. Finds at the rock of Solutré prove a dense settlement already for the time around 15,000 BC. But already at the time of the Neanderthals and the first modern humans from about 40,000 years ago, there is increasing evidence of sites, for example the Grottes-de-la-Verpillière I and II near Germolles, Mellecey.

From the 6th century BC until the arrival of the Romans, the Celtic culture of the Gauls is predominant, represented mainly by the Haeduians and the Mandubians, who are mentioned in Caesar's De bello Gallico. Important settlements of the tribes were Bibracte near today's Autun and Alesia near Dijon.

Roman times

Around 59 BC, the Romans under Caesar defeated the Helvetii and other Gallic tribes at Bibracte (now Saint-Léger-sous-Beuvray), on Mont Beuvray, between Autun and Le Creusot. In 52 BC, the Romans, again under Caesar, put down the Gallic revolt under Vercingetorix at Alesia, now Alise-Sainte-Reine. This was followed by the incorporation of Gaul into the Roman Empire and the slow linguistic and cultural Romanization of its inhabitants.

Around 43 BC Augustodunum (Autun) was founded. Around 280, viticulture began in the region.

After the battle of the Catalaunian Fields in 451, the Burgundians - coming from the north - settled in the region with the toleration of the Romans. However, the capital of the Burgundian Empire was initially Genava (Geneva).

Frankish region

Since 534, the name Burgundia denoted a Frankish sub-kingdom (Kingdom of Burgundy), which was cut into eastern and western halves in the Treaty of Verdun in 843 when the Frankish Empire was divided: In the east (largely around Lake Geneva), the new Kingdom of Burgundy (Hochburgund) was created; in the west, a French feudal duchy was created, which is the starting point for today's region.

Duchy and Province

The Duchy of Burgundy was ruled by a collateral line of the French royal house, the Capetians, from 1032 to 1361 (Elder House of Burgundy). It passed to Philip of Valois in 1363, who founded the House of Burgundy as a collateral line of the French royal house of Valois. This House of Burgundy set about extensive territorial expansion, which led to the formation of an intermediate kingdom between France and the Holy Roman Empire, the southern part of which was the old Duchy of Burgundy and, for a time, the Free County, and the northern part of which was the Netherlands. After the death of the last male duke from the House of Valois, Charles the Bold, in the Burgundian Wars (1477), this ruling complex was divided. The House of Habsburg, through the marriage of Maximilian to Charles the Bold's heiress daughter, Mary of Burgundy, secured the (economically) most important parts of the realm, namely Flanders and the Free County. The duchy itself, however, i.e. the western part of the Burgundian core territory, was reclaimed by the French crown as a man fief, since the dukedom had fallen to Charles the Bold's daughter Mary of Burgundy. The duchy was not re-conferred throughout the Ancien Régime, but was part of the French Crown's own dominions. However, it did not become part of the Domaine royal, but remained self-governing as a province with its own parlement.

Dissolution after the French Revolution (1790)

The Duchy was dissolved after the French Revolution in the course of the division of the state into départements in 1790; with it the designation Burgundy for a political-administrative unit disappeared.

Igamie Dijon (1948-1964)

After the Second World War, on 21 March 1948, a number of departments of France were each grouped together under the supervision of a special envoy of the central government (acronym: IGAME) to form larger territorial confederations known as Igamies. Among them was the Igamie Dijon, which comprised the eight départements that later became the French regions of Bourgogne and Franche-Comté, thus for the first time since the early Middle Ages abolishing the administrative division between the western and eastern heartlands of Burgundy. The Igamie existed until 1964.

French Region (1956-2015)

When France was divided into programme regions in 1956, the region of Burgundy (Bourgogne) was formed from four départements in its current boundaries. In 1972, the region was given the status of an établissements public under the direction of a regional prefect. The decentralisation laws of 1982 also gave the Burgundy Region the status of a territorial collectivity (territorial entity), which had previously been held only by the communes and the départements. In 1986, the Burgundy Regional Council was elected by direct universal suffrage for the first time. Since then, the region's powers vis-à-vis the central government in Paris have been gradually extended.

The region has been linked to the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate by a regional partnership since 1962, which was institutionalised with the CRB Haus Burgund in Mainz. The Prime Minister Kurt Beck was declared an honorary citizen of Burgundy in 2012 on the 50th anniversary of the partnership.

On 1 January 2016, the Burgundy region merged with the neighbouring Franche-Comté region to form the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.

Physical map of Burgundy


Burgundia as part of the Frankish Empire at the time of the Merovingians.


Map of Igamia established in 1948 with Dijon (steel blue) in the central east