Bow (musical tool for bowed string instruments)

Characteristics and parts

A typical orchestral bow has several distinct components. The stick provides shape and camber; the hair (usually horsehair) contacts the string; the frog secures and tensions the hair; the tip finishes the opposite end. Other features include the winding, grip, and button used to adjust tension. Weight, balance point, stiffness and curve (camber) influence responsiveness and sound color.

• Stick materials: traditional pernambuco wood or modern alternatives such as carbon fiber.
• Hair: horsehair is most common; synthetic hair is used in some bows.
• Accessories: rosin is applied to hair to increase friction; leather or rubber grips protect the hand.

History and development

Bowed instruments appeared in various forms across Asia and Europe. In Western art music the bow evolved from early, often shorter designs into the longer, concave-sticked bows used in the Baroque era and later. The modern classical bow reached its familiar proportions and balance in the late 18th and early 19th centuries through makers who standardized camber and weight; François Tourte is widely credited with shaping the modern bow's form and playing qualities.

Technique, uses and varieties

Bowing technique is central to expression: legato, spiccato, sautillé, col legno, sul ponticello and many other effects arise from controlled interaction between hair and string. Different bows suit different instruments: a violin bow differs in length and weight from a viola, cello or double bass bow. Players choose wood, stiffness and balance to match repertoire and personal preference. The basic action applies across instruments such as the string instrument family, including the violin, viola, cello and double bass, and is often discussed under the generic term bow.

Maintenance matters: periodic rehairing, occasional reshaping by a luthier, and careful storage preserve playability. Contemporary makers also produce specialized bows (baroque, continuo, modern alloy) to meet stylistic and practical needs, expanding the toolset available to performers and composers.