Human penis: anatomy, function, development and cultural notes

Structure and parts

Structurally the penis has three main internal columns of erectile tissue and external components that are commonly described in clinical anatomy:

• Shaft — the elongated body composed of corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum.
• Glans — the rounded tip that surrounds the external urethral opening.
• Urethra — the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body.

The organ plays a role in urination; see general resources on voiding and the urinary tract at urination references.

Physiology and function

During sexual arousal, blood flow increases to the erectile tissues, producing an erection that enables penile insertion during sexual intercourse. Its reproductive role is to transport sperm-containing semen toward a partner's reproductive tract; for the role of the penis in human reproduction see reproductive function and materials on relationships to the female reproductive system and the vagina. Semen itself is discussed in basic reproductive biology sources at semen resources.

Development, variation and evolution

Penile size, shape and features vary between individuals. Development begins in the embryo under genetic and hormonal influences and continues through puberty. Its role in conception links to pregnancy processes described in broad reproductive summaries at pregnancy information. Human sexual activity that involves genital penetration is commonly called sexual intercourse.

Health, culture and language

Common medical concerns include infections, congenital conditions, injuries and circulatory problems that affect erectile function; clinical guidelines are available from standard health sources. The organ is also prominent in language and culture: many informal or slang terms exist — examples and usage notes can be found at slang references — and gentler euphemisms such as "male member" appear in everyday speech and writing, see euphemism notes.

Understanding anatomy, safe sexual practices and prompt medical attention for symptoms helps maintain genital health. For further reading consult anatomy texts and reputable health resources linked above.