Cannabinoid

Chemical characteristics

Phytocannabinoids from the cannabis plant share related chemical features and are often described as terpenophenolic compounds. Scientists have isolated more than one hundred distinct phytocannabinoids, each with small variations in molecular shape that change how they act in the body. For a basic reference to the concept of their chemical structure, see introductory resources on organic compounds.

How they work

Cannabinoids exert effects primarily by interacting with cannabinoid receptors, most notably CB1 and CB2, which are components of the endocannabinoid system. Endogenous ligands such as anandamide and 2‑arachidonoylglycerol (2‑AG) are produced by the body and help regulate appetite, pain, mood and immune responses. Some plant and synthetic cannabinoids mimic or modify these signals, producing a range of physiological and psychological effects.

Common examples and uses

Two widely known phytocannabinoids are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is largely responsible for the intoxicating or psychoactive effects associated with cannabis, and cannabidiol (CBD), which does not produce the same intoxication and is investigated for several therapeutic uses. Other notable cannabinoids include CBN and CBG. Research into possible medical applications covers pain, spasticity, chemotherapy-induced nausea and certain seizure disorders; some cannabinoid-derived medicines are approved in particular countries and for specific indications. For information on clinical study directions and therapeutic interest see research summaries.

History and development

Interest in cannabinoids grew during the 20th century as chemists isolated and identified active constituents of cannabis. Key milestones include the structural identification of major components and later discoveries about the endocannabinoid system. Ongoing pharmacological work explores selective receptor targeting, non-intoxicating derivatives, and synthetic analogues.

Distinctions, safety and regulation

Cannabinoids should be distinguished from other cannabis constituents such as terpenes. Their legal status, availability and accepted medical uses vary widely by jurisdiction. Quality, dosage and the balance of different cannabinoids influence effects and safety. For basic legal and botanical context consult a general guide to the cannabis plant and a neutral chemical overview.