112 — Emergency telephone number

How it works

When dialled, 112 either connects directly to a local public-safety answering point (PSAP) or is routed to a national emergency number and then transferred to the appropriate service. On GSM-capable handsets the network gives priority to emergency calls and will try any available network if the subscriber's network is not reachable. Many modern emergency systems can accept location information supplied by the network or the handset to help responders find callers.

History and adoption

The number was introduced to provide a harmonised contact for emergencies across countries and mobile networks. It was progressively implemented by states and adopted by GSM mobile standards so that a single short code would be recognised by handsets and operators. Outside the EU, some countries have adopted 112 alongside or instead of national emergency numbers to simplify cross-border and roaming assistance.

Practical use and guidance

• Clearly state the nature of the emergency and your location.
• Answer the operator's questions and follow instructions; do not hang up until told to do so.
• If you cannot speak, leave the line open if safe to do so — rescuers can sometimes use background sounds.
• Use local alternatives when advised: in some places 112 is redirected to national numbers.

Distinctions and notable facts

112 is often compared with other regional emergency numbers (for example, 911 in North America). It is the reference emergency code for GSM mobile networks and the number recommended across the European Union. Many nations also publicise 112 to assist travellers and visitors, and some countries maintain both 112 and national numbers for backward compatibility or specific services — see local guidance via your national authorities or telecommunication providers for details (other-country examples). Mobile handsets and providers may offer additional accessibility or location services; consult your device or carrier for capabilities (mobile handset information).