Vienna

Vienna ([viːn]) is the federal capital of the Republic of Austria and also one of the nine Austrian federal states. With over 1.9 million inhabitants (about one-fifth of the total Austrian population), Vienna, located on the Danube, is the most populous major city and primary city in Austria. About 2.8 million people live in the Vienna metropolitan area - this corresponds to about one third of the total Austrian population.

Architecturally, Vienna is still characterized above all by the buildings around the Vienna Ringstrasse from the Wilhelminian period, but also by Baroque and Art Nouveau. Due to its role as the imperial capital and residence of the Austrian Empire from 1804, Vienna became a cultural and political centre of Europe. Around 1910, when Vienna was still the capital of the Habsburg Monarchy, the city had over two million inhabitants. Today, the historic centre of Vienna and Schönbrunn Palace are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. With around 7.5 million tourists and around 16.5 million overnight stays per year, Vienna is one of the most visited cities in Europe.

As early as the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15, the city played an important role in international diplomacy, which it has retained to the present day. Today, for example, Vienna is the seat of more than 30 international organisations, including the oil cartel OPEC, the International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA and the OSCE, making it one of the world's cities. The United Nations Office at Vienna (UNOV) houses one of the four official headquarters of the UN in the Vienna International Centre (VIC), popularly known as UNO City. Vienna is a large city with a very high quality of life.

Designation

The name of the town is pronounced [vi:n] in standard German. In the Bavarian Austrian dialect of eastern Austria, the town is called Wean [veɐ̯n]; however, this name is hardly still used to any significant extent in the Viennese dialect itself, except in special cases such as dialect cultural events.

Etymology

The name Vienna derives from the river Wien (according to the frequent naming of settlements after the tributary flowing into it). The name was first recorded in 881 in the Salzburg Annals, where a battle ad Uueniam (read: ad Weniam, "at (the) Wenia") is reported, although it is unclear whether a settlement or the river is meant. The Old High German name Wenia, from which the present one derives, derives from the Celtoroman name Vedunia ("forest stream") for the Vienna River; a Slavic intermediate form is conceivable, but not attested. The name Vindobona, on the other hand, referred to a Roman settlement within the present-day city area; it is still sometimes used for Vienna today (for example, on Latin documents), although it bears no etymological relationship to the present-day name of the city.

Name of the city in other languages

Vienna belongs to those old and internationally important cities, for which own names exist in many languages:

In English, Italian, Spanish, Romanian, Portuguese and other Romance languages, Vienna is known as Vienna or Viena, in French as Vienne, in Greek as Βιέννη (Vienni), in Dutch as Wenen, in Russian as Вена (Vena).

An independent formation is the Hungarian Bécs or Beč in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian. The form Beç from the Ottoman official language is also derived from this (in modern Turkish it is called Viyana). The form is traced back to Hungarian rule in the 9th/10th century and is usually translated as "on the steep slope". The independent formation of the name is taken as an indication of the minor importance of Vienna in this period.

In Czech the town is called Vídeň, in Slovak Viedeň, in Polish Wiedeń and in Ukrainian Відень (Widen). These forms are etymologically unrelated to the district name Wieden.

The Slovenian name for Vienna, Dunaj, refers to the Danube (which is called Donava in modern Slovenian).

Other uses of the term

The French city of Vienne has the same name as the French name of Vienna, but its name is much older than that of Vienna. In the United States and Canada, some settlements exist that have the German or English designation of Vienne in their names. In many cases this is probably due to emigrants who named their new settlements after their place of origin.

• Vienna exists in Missouri and Wisconsin.
• Vienna is located in Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Ontario (Canada), South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin.
• New Vienna exists in Iowa and Ohio.
• South Vienna is in Ohio.

In North America, Vienna is used as a female given name on rare occasions. A prominent example is the Californian musician Vienna Teng, who uses the given name in her stage name.

Geography

Location and landscape

Vienna lies on the eastern edge of the Alps, at the transition to the Alpine foothills in the east, which lead to the Pannonian Plain. The city centre already extends in the plain along the Danube, the western parts of the city in the Vienna Woods, the easternmost mountain group of the Northern Alps. Only a relatively small part of Vienna's urban area is built up. About half of Vienna is grassland, larger parts are also used for agriculture.

Vienna rises from 151 m above sea level in the Lobau to a height of 542 m above sea level on the Hermannskogel. In the northwest, west and southwest of Vienna, the Vienna Woods with its heights (Leopoldsberg, Kahlenberg) and forests reach into the city area. The Danube enters Vienna through the Wiener Pforte, a narrow passage between the Leopoldsberg on the right bank and the Bisamberg on the left bank. Numerous small rivers also flow into the city from the Vienna Woods, the best known of which is the Vienna River. The mountains to the west are continued to the south by glacial terraces (Wienerberg and Laaer Berg). This entire area is used for winegrowing, forming the Vienna winegrowing region.

The east of the city is characterised by the Viennese share of the flat Marchfeld, which serves agriculture but is increasingly built up. In the southeast, the Lobau is found as Vienna's share of the Donauauen National Park. In view of the predominant westerly winds (as in many European cities), the upscale residential areas tend to be located on the western edge of the city, where, among other things, the air is even cleaner, while the old industrial areas tend to be located on the southeastern edge of the city.

Spatial situation

Vienna owes its development into one of the most important and largest cities in Central Europe, among other things, to its favourable geographical location between the eastern edge of the Alps and the Pannonian region and the historical European axes, the south-north axis along the edge of the Alps (Amber Road) and the west-east axis along the Alpine foothills and the Danube as a waterway. Vienna developed at the intersection of these traffic routes. The historical city was formed exclusively south of the Danube: the river could be easily crossed here, as the stream in the Vienna Basin fanned out into numerous arms with islands in between. Today, the urban area stretches far on both sides of the river.

The favourable location, also in relation to the historical neighbouring countries of Moravia and the Kingdom of Hungary, and the routes towards Styria, Carniola and the Adriatic coast contributed decisively to Vienna's permanent establishment as the monarch's residence. From about 1840 onwards, this also led to the establishment of a railway network radiating out from Vienna in a star shape.

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain and the Eastern Bloc in 1989, the transport and economic relations with Austria's northern and eastern neighbours, which had been interrupted or made more difficult to use since 1945, have been growing significantly again. Vienna, for example, is only 55 km away from the Slovakian capital Bratislava (Pressburg); such proximity of two capitals is unique in Europe (apart from the special case of Vatican/Rome). The city administration has reacted to the situation by participating in the European region Centrope.

Geology

Vienna lies on the eastern foothills of the Northern Limestone Alps, which plunge here along the western edge of the Tertiary Vienna Basin and the alluvial plain of the Danube, which formed the landscape in the Vienna area from the Pleistocene to the present day. North of the city, the flysch zone overtakes the Danube and continues into the Carpathian Mountains. The subsoil of the city is formed by various geological landscapes:

• Gravels and sands of the glacial and present Danube as well as Quaternary unconsolidated sediments
• Loose rocks, especially Tertiary loose sediments of the Vienna Basin
• Solid rocks of the Flysch zone and the Limestone Alps in the western Wienerwald area

A system of north-south directed faults and fractures crosses the urban area. Powerful groundwater bodies are found in the Danube gravels.

Settlement structure

Vienna is with an area of 414.87 square kilometers the smallest province of Austria and completely surrounded by the province of Lower Austria, to which it belonged until 1920 (see Separation Act). The north-south extension is 22.8 kilometres, the west-east extension 29.4 kilometres. The highest point is the Hermannskogel (542 m above sea level) on the northwestern edge of the city, the lowest is the Lobau (151 m above sea level) on the southeastern edge of the city.

As the statutory city of Vienna has also been a province since 1920, it appears in federal state rankings: Among the provinces, Vienna has the largest share of transport and built-up areas in its total area. 11.6% of the total area is built-up land, 11.1% road traffic areas and 2.2% railway tracks. At the same time, Vienna is also the country with the largest proportion of garden land, which accounts for 28.4% or 117.76 square kilometres. Water bodies (4.5 %) account for a larger share of the total area only in Burgenland.

Vienna is one of four federal provinces in Austria that practice viticulture. 1.6 % of the area is taken up by vineyards. Forested areas cover 17.8 %, and 14.8 % of the urban and provincial area is used for agriculture.

Climate

The Viennese climate forms a transitional climate with oceanic influences from the west and continental influences from the east. This is noticeable in the yearly comparison by mostly strongly fluctuating measurement results. On the whole, Vienna usually experiences lower precipitation and longer dry periods. Winters are rather mild compared to other parts of Austria. The 30-year average air temperature in the city centre is 11.4 degrees Celsius, in the outer districts (ZAMG weather station Hohe Warte) 10.2 degrees Celsius. The average amount of precipitation is around 600 millimetres, with an average of 741.5 millimetres measured in the west of the city and only 514.5 millimetres in the east. There are 60 summer days compared to around 70 frost days. On 8 August 2013, the highest temperature ever recorded in Vienna was 39.5 degrees Celsius at the "Innere Stadt" measuring station. Vienna is home to the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG).

The following climate diagrams are each from different parts of the city and serve to quantify the urban climate of Vienna.

Vienna

Climate diagram

J F M A M J J A S O N D     21   4 -1     29   6 0     39   10 4     39   16 8     61   21 13     63   24 15     67   27 17     67   27 18     50   21 14     33   15 9     44   8 4     35   5 1 Temperature in °C, precipitation in mm Source:

 

Climate table for Vienna Inner City (171 m) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature (°C) 3,8 6,1 10,2 16,1 21,3 24,0 26,7 26,6 21,1 15,3 8,1 4,6 Ø 15,4 Min. temperature (°C) −0,8 0,3 3,5 7,8 12,5 15,1 17,4 17,5 13,6 8,8 3,6 0,5 Ø 8,4 Temperature (°C) 1,2 2,9 6,4 11,5 16,5 19,1 21,7 21,6 16,8 11,6 5,5 2,4 Ø 11,5 Precipitation (mm) 21,3 29,3 39,1 39,2 60,9 63,3 66,6 66,5 50,4 32,8 43,9 34,6 547,9 Sunshine hours (h/d) 2,1 3,7 4,1 6,1 7,7 7,6 8,4 8,1 5,6 4,5 2,2 1,6 Ø 5,1 Rainy days (d) 5,3 6,0 8,1 6,3 8,3 9,3 8,2 8,5 6,9 6,0 7,5 7,6 88 Temperature 3,8 −0,8 6,1 0,3 10,2 3,5 16,1 7,8 21,3 12,5 24,0 15,1 26,7 17,4 26,6 17,5 21,1 13,6 15,3 8,8 8,1 3,6 4,6 0,5 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec   Precipitation 21,3 29,3 39,1 39,2 60,9 63,3 66,6 66,5 50,4 32,8 43,9 34,6   Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Source:

The climate station Vienna Inner City has the warmest climate in Austria. Due to the dense development, the nightly cooling is reduced and therefore the temperature minima are markedly higher than in the surrounding area. The average wind speed is 14 km/h. Wind directions from the west, northwest and southeast dominate.

As a result of global warming, the climatic conditions in Vienna in 2050 could be similar to those found in Skopje today, while Stockholm will then have climatic conditions similar to those found in Vienna today. Model calculations also show that Vienna will be one of the European metropolises most affected by heat waves by the end of the 21st century. Accordingly, Vienna will then have a climate that is more reminiscent of today's southern Mediterranean region.

Flora

A border runs through Vienna between two floral regions, both of which belong to the Holarctic floral kingdom. Only the westernmost part of the city, belonging to the Vienna Woods, is part of the Central European Floral Region, as is almost the whole of the rest of Austria, while the rest of the city belongs to the Pannonian Floral Province, which in turn represents the westernmost part of the South Siberian-Pontic-Pannonian Floral Region. Outside of Vienna, only Burgenland and Lower Austria are part of the South Siberian-Pontic-Pannonian floral region, which stretches from South Siberia across Ukraine, Transylvania, Vojvodina and the Hungarian Plain to the eastern edge of the Alps. In addition, a sub-Mediterranean influence can be detected in Vienna. For this reason, many species grow in Vienna that are unique in Austria and worthy of protection.

In Vienna, 1490 full-status vascular plant species and 1545 elementary vascular plant taxa occur native or old naturalized. Including newcomers and non-natives, there are 2194 taxa. These are high values for a large city: by comparison, Vorarlberg, which is more than six times as large and much less densely built-up, has only 1683 full-status vascular plant species, i.e. 13 percent more.

Nature Conservation

The protection of nature in Vienna is regulated by various legal norms, such as the Vienna Nature Conservation Act, the Vienna National Parks Act and the Vienna Nature Conservation Ordinance. The following protection levels exist: European protected area (Natura 2000), national park, nature reserve, protected landscape area, protected landscape part, ecological development area, natural monument, protected biotope, biosphere park and Ramsar site.

The largest and most important protected areas are the Danube Floodplains National Park and the Vienna Woods Biosphere Reserve, which protect the east and west of the city, as well as the Bisamberg and the Alte Schanzen. In addition, there are a larger number of smaller protected areas and objects.

Sentinel-2 satellite photo of Vienna from 2018


The Vienna blue star (Scilla vindobonensis) was named after the city.