Venezuela

Venezuela (officially Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela [Venezuelan pronunciation reˈpuβlika βoliβaˈɾjana ðe βeneˈswela]) is a South American real socialist state on the Caribbean coast. It borders Brazil to the south, Colombia to the west, and Guyana to the east.

Venezuela became independent from Spain in 1811. Since the Bolivarian Revolution of 1999, the country has been governed by a socialist presidential system of the ruling party Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela. Since 2014, Venezuela has been ruled by its party leader Nicolás Maduro, whose time in power has been increasingly marked by political protests and international isolation. Experts and observers from the left to the right assess the style of government as authoritarian and complained about the restrictions on the separation of powers, free elections and democratic principles. A recall referendum that came to pass was tricked in 2016. Parliament, which had been in opposition since 2015, was bypassed by emergency decrees since the 2015 elections, and first stripped of power in March 2017 by the de facto Supreme Court, which was controlled by the president, after which a constituent assembly was unconstitutionally convened to strip parliament of power, which also dismissed Attorney General Luisa Ortega, which only parliament had the power to do. Opposition politicians were imprisoned. Around the world, critics of the 2017 ousting of parliament saw the country as heading towards a civilian dictatorship or, due to the immensely important role of the military, a military dictatorship.

Venezuela has the largest proven oil reserves in the world. But within the 2010s decade, the global oil price collapsed. For this reason, among others, the Venezuelan economy, which is almost entirely dependent on oil exports, is in the midst of a severe crisis, marked by hyperinflation, supply shortages, and famine, with a poverty rate that rose above 50 percent starting in 2014, reached about 80 percent in 2016, and probably reached 90 percent by the end of 2018.

Etymology of the name Venezuela

There are two theories about the origin of the name "Venezuela": Some attribute it to Amerigo Vespucci, who, along with Alonso de Ojeda, led an expedition along the northwestern coast in 1499 (now known as the Gulf of Venezuela). When they reached the Guajira Peninsula, the crew observed the pile dwellings (palafitos) that the Añu had erected over the water. These reminded Vespucci of the city of Venezia (Venice) and as a result the region was named Venezuela, meaning "Little Venice".

On the other hand, the Spanish conquistador and geographer Martín Fernández de Enciso, member of the same team, says in his writing "Suma de Geografía" (1519) that the population of this region inhabited a flat rock and was called "Veneciuela".

Geography

Venezuela has a coastline of about 2800 km. Of the total area, about 39% is forested, 20% consists of meadows and pastures, 4% are fields and arable land.

It borders three countries: to the east Guyana with 743 km border, to the south is Brazil with 1819 km border and to the west Colombia with 2050 km border. The total length of Venezuela's national borders is 4612 kilometers.

Venezuela can be divided into five major geographical areas: the Andes, which extend in a broad east-west arc from the Colombian border along the Caribbean Sea to the east; the Orinoco plains (llanos) in the centre; the Maracaibo lowlands around the brackish water lake there in the northwest; and the highlands of Guiana in the southeast. In addition, there are the Venezuelan Caribbean islands. Venezuela is the sixth largest country in South America. It is very diverse in landscape; the strongest contrasts are the dune landscapes at the Isthmus of Coro and the swamps of the Delta Amacuro, respectively the snow-covered mountains of the Cordillera de Mérida and the wide plains in the heart of the country.

Nature

Venezuela is considered one of the world's megadiverse countries, with a particularly high level of biodiversity, a large number of endemic species, genera and families of plants and animals, and diverse ecosystems.

Venezuela today has 43 national parks (see List of National Parks in Venezuela) and 36 natural monuments. 62.9 percent (2007) of the country's land area is designated as protected. Venezuela thus has the highest percentage of nature reserves in North and South America (compared to Brazil, for example, with 18.5 percent).

The country can be divided into the following four major natural areas:

Andes

The peaks of the Venezuelan Andes reach up to almost 5000 m above sea level. A large part of Venezuela's population lives in the fertile valleys between the mountains, and industry and agriculture are also concentrated here. The rugged mountain ranges on the Colombian border, on the other hand, are the most sparsely populated part of this region.

South of Lake Maracaibo, in the Andean arc, rises the highest mountain in Venezuela, Pico Bolívar, at 4981 m. Some peaks in this region are covered with snow all year round. A wide valley separates this mountain range from another one that follows the coast. The capital Caracas is also located in this valley. This relatively small area is the most densely populated region of the country. It is here that the most intensive agriculture is practiced and the transportation network is the best developed.

Orinoco Plain

South of the mountains stretch the great plains of the llanos. They extend from the Caribbean coast in the east to the Colombian border. The Orinoco forms the southern border. The island of Margarita is located off the mainland.

In addition to the grasslands, this region also includes swamplands in the Orinoco Delta and on the Colombian border. Elevations in the llanos do not exceed the 200-meter mark.

The Maracaibo Lowlands

The Maracaibo lowlands are surrounded by mountain ranges, except in the north. Here it borders on the Caribbean Sea. This region is very flat and rises only slightly towards the surrounding mountains. Lake Maracaibo, which covers 13,000 km² and is up to 50 m deep, occupies much of the lower lying areas. It is connected to the Gulf of Venezuela by the Canal de San Carlos strait, which is about 75 km long. Beneath the eastern shore of the lake lie Venezuela's richest petroleum reserves.

The largest city in the region is the port city of Maracaibo on the lake of the same name.

Guiana Highlands

The Guiana highlands rise southeast of the Orinoco and are one of the oldest landscapes in South America. This highland, characterized by plateaus and tributaries of the Orinoco, occupies more than half of Venezuela's land area. The most striking formation of this region is the Gran Sabana, a large, heavily eroded plateau. Over millions of years, the sandstone masses were eroded away, leaving rugged valleys and massive mesas (tepuis). Their age is estimated at 70 million years. The 115 different tepuis in this area are characterized by a unique and peculiar flora and fauna on their plateaus, because due to the isolation many endemic species have developed.

The highest waterfalls in the world, such as Salto Kukenan and the highest waterfall in the world, Salto Ángel, with a drop of 978 meters, fall from the mesas. It is also one of the most famous sights of Canaima National Park, which has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

Rivers and hydrography

With a length of 2574 km, the Orinoco is the largest and most important of the country's thousand rivers. As recently as 1958, it had no bridge crossing its entire length. It rises in the border region between Venezuela and Brazil at one of the largest watersheds in Latin America. The water level of the Orinoco varies considerably depending on the season. The highest levels are measured in August and exceed the lows of March and April by more than seven meters. Most of the riverbed has only a slight gradient.

Below the headwaters, a globally rare geographical phenomenon can be found: the river splits into two arms, a so-called bifurcation. The Brazo Casiquiare (literally: Casiquiare arm), a natural channel, connects the two independent river systems of the Orinoco and the Amazon. In this process, one-third of the water flows into the Amazon via the Rio Negro (Amazon), while the rest continues to flow into the main Orinoco channel. This passage allows shallow draft vessels to cross from the Orinoco into the Amazon river system. As a result, the vast areas between the Orinoco, Amazon and Atlantic form an island.

Most of the rivers that rise in the northern mountains flow in a southeasterly direction to the Río Apure, a tributary of the Orinoco. The Apure flows through the llanos in an easterly direction. There are no significant headwaters in the low rainfall area south of the Apure.

Another important river is the Río Caroní, which is characterized above all by its high flow velocity. It rises in the highlands of Guyana and flows into the Orinoco at the height of Ciudad Guayana. The Caroní is particularly suitable for the construction of hydroelectric power plants and thus contributes significantly to Venezuela's energy budget.

Climate

Caracas	Maracaibo	Ciudad Bolívar
Barcelona	Santa Elena de Uairén	Puerto Ayacucho

Although Venezuela is located in the middle of the tropical climate zone, all types of climates from tropical humid to alpine are found, depending on the altitude, topography and the direction and intensity of the prevailing winds. Seasonal variations are distinguished less by temperature than by varying amounts of precipitation. In most of the country there is a rainy season from May to October.

The country is divided into four temperature zones, which can be largely attributed to the respective altitude: The tropical zone (below 800 m) has average annual temperatures between 26 °C and 28 °C. The temperate zone, with average temperatures of 12 °C to 25 °C, extends between 800 and 2000 m above sea level. This is where most of Venezuela's cities are located, including the capital Caracas. Colder conditions, with temperatures ranging from 9°C to 11°C, are found in the cool zone between 2000 and 3000 meters. Pastureland dominates the landscape in the high mountains (from 3000 m above sea level) and above 4000 m there are permanent snowfields. Here, the annual average temperatures are below 8 °C.

Annual rainfall ranges from 430 mm in the semi-arid lowlands and plains of the western part of the Caribbean coast to about 1000 mm in the Orinoco Triangle. In the mountainous regions, rainfall varies considerably, as less rain falls in the depressions than on the mountain flanks, which are exposed to the northeast winds.

Caracas receives 750 mm of precipitation from June to August, half of its annual rainfall.

The average maximum temperature in the country is between 30 °C and 31 °C. However, the temperature can deviate from this average value in individual places, so it is not uncommon for maximum temperatures to reach around 40 °C. The average minimum temperature ranges between 7 °C and 12 °C, depending on the month, with temperatures rarely falling below 10 °C from April to November. From July to January it sometimes rains for almost half a month, in the other months there are only one to seven rainy days per month.

Time zone

In 1964, the time zone in Venezuela was realigned according to the 60th degree of longitude (UTC-4, previously UTC-4:30). On 9 December 2007, the clock was set back by half an hour, and the time zone UTC-4:30 (VST - Venezuelan Standard Time) applied again. Since 1 May 2016, UTC-4 time has been in effect again, partly in the hope of reducing electricity consumption.

Major cities

The capital Caracas is the second largest city in the country and the largest metropolitan area in the country.

Major cities in Venezuela
City	Inhabitants 2017
Maracaibo	2.198.200
Caracas	2.084.500
Valencia	1.557.000
Barquisimeto	1.070.600
Ciudad Guiana	865.200
Maturín	496.900
Maracay	457.200
Barcelona	441.800

Skyline of the Chacao district, Caracas


Poor district (Barrios), Caracas


Table Mountain Roraima, Canaima National Park


Salto Ángel, Canaima National Park


Location of the Maracaibo lowlands


El Valle, Mérida