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Tofu (Bean Curd): Production, Varieties, History and Uses

Tofu, or bean curd, is a versatile food made from coagulated soy milk pressed into blocks. This article explains how it is made, its varieties, culinary uses, history, nutrition, and distinctions.

Author: Leandro Alegsa Creation date: November 13, 2022 Last updated: June 4, 2026

simple.wikipedia.org · CC BY-SA 4.0

Overview

Tofu, often called bean curd, is a food made from soybeans and produced by coagulating soy milk and pressing the curds into blocks. It appears across East and Southeast Asian cuisines and has been embraced worldwide as a plant-based protein. Its texture ranges from a silky custard to a dense, sliceable block, and it absorbs flavors from marinades, broths and sauces. The raw ingredient for tofu is the soybean: a legume cultivated for centuries for food and oil. Soybeans are transformed into liquid soymilk before coagulation.

Production process

Making tofu follows a sequence similar in concept to making dairy cheese, but using soy rather than animal milk. Typical steps include:

Soaking dried soybeans to rehydrate them.
Grinding the soaked beans with water and then cooking the mixture.
Separating solids from liquid to obtain fresh soy milk.
Adding a coagulant to curdle the soy milk; common coagulants include nigari (magnesium chloride), gypsum (calcium sulfate), or mild acids. This coagulation produces soft curds.
Collecting the curds and pressing them into molds to form blocks; pressing time and pressure determine firmness.

Varieties and culinary uses

Tofu is sold in several textures and preparations that influence how it is used in cooking. Typical categories are:

Silken (soft) — delicate, used in soups, desserts and smoothies.
Soft/Regular — holds shape but remains tender, common in stews and braises.
Firm and extra-firm — suitable for grilling, frying and stir-fries where a meat-like bite is desired.
Fermented or aged forms — such as preserved or 'stinky' tofu found in some regional cuisines.

Tofu can be baked, fried, blended, fermented, or eaten raw (as in chilled dishes). It acts as a vehicle for sauces and spices, and it is a staple in vegetarian and vegan diets for its adaptability.

History and cultural significance

Tofu has deep roots in East Asia. Traditional accounts and culinary history place its origin in ancient China, after which production methods and recipes spread to neighboring regions including Japan and Korea. Over centuries, tofu evolved into many local forms and remains an important ingredient both in everyday meals and in ceremonial foods. Its cultural role is reflected in street foods, home cooking and specialty artisanal varieties.

Nutrition, storage, and notable distinctions

Tofu is valued as a plant-based source of protein and other nutrients, and it contains compounds called isoflavones that are often researched for health effects. Unlike seitan (wheat gluten), which is made from wheat proteins, tofu is soy-derived and gluten-free unless additional ingredients are added. Fresh refrigerated tofu typically keeps for several days to a week; brined or vacuum-packed varieties have longer shelf life, and freezing changes the texture toward a chewier, spongier product. Because it can be produced with relatively low land and water inputs compared with many animal proteins, tofu is often highlighted in discussions about sustainable diets.

Manufacture

Tofu is made by coagulating the protein components of soy milk, using either nigari (magnesium chloride), citric acid or calcium sulfate. These are then separated by heating and skimming or filtering. In Okinawa, sea water is used instead of nigari and such tofu is called shima-dofu (island tofu). Sometimes the tofu is also pressed to remove liquid.

The flocculation of the protein and the oil present as an emulsion from the cooked soy milk is the most important step in the production. This is achieved with the aid of coagulants. Two types, namely salts and acids, are used commercially. A third coagulant, enzymes, is not yet used commercially but appears promising for both solid and silken tofu.

Today's tofu manufacturers use one or more of these coagulation methods because they can be used to influence the desired texture of the finished tofu. The different textures are the result of different pore sizes and other features in tofu produced by using each type of coagulation. The mixture of coagulating agents is dissolved in water and the solution is then stirred into boiled soy milk until the mixture coagulates into a soft gel.

The blocks are made differently depending on the type of tofu. For soft silken tofu or for the "tofu flower", the soy milk is poured directly into the tofu's sales packaging, where it coagulates. For soft, standard tofu originating in Asia, the curdling of soy is stopped and the excess liquid is poured off using cotton or muslin; the remaining tofu is then lightly pressed to make a soft cake. For firmer types of tofu, such as Asian dry tofu, or even Western tofu, further pressing is done to remove even more liquid. The tofu blocks can then be refrigerated until they are firm. A finished block of tofu can be cut into several pieces, seasoned or otherwise processed. Acids are rarely used for seasoning, however, as the resulting flavor is often undesirable.

Tofu Types

Depending on the type of production and consistency, there are different types of tofu. For example, the so-called "silken tofu" is used for desserts, which is particularly tender in its consistency, while the "sponge tofu" is usually filled and deep-fried. Smoked tofu is also popular.

Fresh tofu

Depending on the water content extracted from the tofu blocks, fresh tofu in China and Japan can be divided into different types.

Silken Tofu

Silken tofu (in Chinese 嫩豆腐, nèn dòufu - "soft tofu" or 滑豆腐, huá dòufu - "smooth tofu"; in Japanese 絹ごし豆腐 kinugoshi tōfu, lit. "silk-filtered tofu"; in Korean 순두부 sundubu) is not drained and has the highest moisture content of any fresh tofu. Its texture can be compared to that of thin custard. In Japan and Korea, traditional silken tofu is made with seawater. At 1 mg per 100 g, the iron content is only a third of solid tofu and soybeans or a quarter of spinach.

Firm asian tofu

Firm Asian tofu (referred to in Chinese simply as 豆腐 dòufu; in Japanese 木綿豆腐 momendōfu, lit. "cotton tofu") is a fresh tofu variety that is dehydrated and pressed, but its moisture content is still very high. The firmness is comparable to fresh meat. The inner texture of this tofu is soft and has a consistency comparable to pudding. The outer skin has the pattern of muslin cloth or the sieve used for dehydration. A tofu preparation is also the tofu skin itself; in Japan it is called yuba.

Firm western tofu

Firm Western tofu (in Chinese 豆乾 / 豆干, doùgān - "dried tofu") is a particularly firm type of tofu that has the lowest moisture content of all fresh tofu. This variety is as firm as cooked-through meat and has a rubbery texture in some ways, similar to panir. When this tofu is thinly sliced, it can crumble easily. Its skin has the pattern of muslin cloth or the sieve used for dehydration. This tofu is ground and reshaped after pressing. Sometimes the skin with its cloth pattern is missing. A variety of dried tofu is pressed particularly flat and cut into long slices no more than two millimeters wide. Dried, minced tofu (in Chinese 荳乾絲 / 豆干丝, doùgānsī), which looks like loose cooked noodles, can be garnished in a variety of ways.

Processed tofu

There are several different types of processed tofu, analogous to the various ways in which fresh tofu can be prepared. Some of these techniques arose out of the need to preserve the tofu before it was possible to extend the shelf life through refrigeration. Other production techniques have been worked on to create tofu varieties that have unique textures and flavor characteristics.

Pickled tofu

Pickled tofu (in Chinese (豆)腐乳, (dòu)furǔ - "milk tofu", in Vietnamese chao) is also called preserved tofu or fermented tofu. These are cubes of tofu that have been air-dried through and slowly fermented by bacteria. The dry, fermented tofu is then soaked in salt water, Chinese wine, vinegar and with chopped peppers, or marinated with a special mixture of whole rice, bean paste and soybeans. For red pickled tofu (in Chinese 紅豆腐乳 / 红豆腐乳, hóng dòufurǔ), powdered red dates (Chinese jujube) or pickled red rice are added for color.

Processed tofu has a special mouthfeel similar to that of certain dairy products due to the composition of its proteins, and originates from air-drying and fermentation. Since it tends to be tasteless by nature, processed tofu takes on the smell and taste of the liquid in which it is soaked. The texture of pickled tofu resembles that of a firm and smooth paste, not unlike cold cream cheese. In fact, this type of tofu is sometimes referred to in English as chinese cheese. Pickled tofu usually has a very strong salty or spicy flavor, similar to many pickled Chinese vegetables. As such, it is often eaten as a side dish to a simple meal and is also a breakfast accompaniment if eaten with rice congee. Pickled tofu is generally sold in small canning jars and will keep for several years if stored in the refrigerator.

Stinky tofu

→ Main article: Stinky tofu

Stinky tofu (in Chinese 臭豆腐, chòudòufu) is a silken tofu that has been fermented with a special brine. These tofu blocks have a very strong smell of certain sharp cheeses. The texture of this tofu is similar to the Asian silken tofu from which it is made. It is usually served with soy sauce or sweet and/or hot sauce.

Frozen tofu

Frozen tofu (chi.: 冻豆腐 /dòng dòufu/) was discovered by Northern Chinese by accident when tofu stored outside was frozen in winter. Because of the ice crystals, holes appear and the tofu can absorb sauce well. Today, frozen tofu is usually produced with refrigeration equipment. In Northeast China, where the winter is particularly cold, frozen tofu is especially popular.

Thousand Layer Tofu

Thousand-layer tofu (Chinese 千葉豆腐 / 千叶豆腐, pinyin qiānyèdòufu or 冰豆腐, bīngdòufǔ or 凍豆腐 / 冻豆腐, dòngdòufǔ - "frozen tofu") is frozen tofu, which, when frozen, produces large ice crystals inside it, resulting in the formation of large, seemingly layered holes. The frozen tofu takes on a yellowish color when frozen. Thousand-layer tofu is often made in Asia from Asian silken tofu, and in parts of Taiwan it is also sold as a regional specialty. Before it is used, this tofu is thawed and the moisture squeezed out.

Japanese freeze-dried tofu

The name of Japanese freeze-dried tofu (in Japanese 高野豆腐 Kōya-dōfu) comes from Kōya-san, a center of Japanese Buddhism famous for its traditional vegetarian and Buddhist cuisine, the shōjin ryōri. This tofu is great for camping because it is very light, can be sold in flat-pressed form, and makes a nutritious meal on the go. Like many other freeze-dried foods, it is soaked in hot water or hot broth before eating, taking on a spongy consistency. Freeze-dried tofu is also found in bagged soups, such as miso soup.

By-products of tofu production

At the same time, the production of tofu also brings with it some thoroughly edible by-products. These edible products are obtained from an oil-protein layer or a kind of skin that forms over the surface of boiling soy milk in an open shallow pan. The remaining solid from pressing soy milk is called soy cake or okara.

Yuba

As the soy milk is cooked in an open shallow pan, a kind of layer or skin, consisting mainly of a complex of protein lipids, forms on the liquid surface. The layer is scraped together and dried in yellowish sheets. The result is called yuba or soy milk skin (Chinese 腐皮, fǔpí; Japanese 湯葉 yuba). It has approximately the following composition: 50-55% proteins, 24-26% fats, 12% carbohydrates, 3% ash, and 9% moisture.

The tofu skin can also be bundled to pin the shape and dried a kind of tofu bamboo (Chinese 腐竹, fǔzhú; Japanese kusatake), or prepared in countless other ways. Because tofu skin has a soft, rubbery texture, it is folded or shaped in various ways and cooked further for use in vegetarian and vegan cooking. Some factories dedicate their production to tofu skin and other products that come from soy skin.

Okara (soy cake)

Soy cake or okara (雪花菜, xuěhuācài - "snowflake vegetable" or 豆腐渣, doùfuzhā - "tofu sediment/residue"; Korean kongbiji), sometimes known as soy porridge in the West, is the residue left over from soy milk production from soaked soybeans. Although it is used primarily as animal feed in most cultures that produce tofu, it is sometimes used in Japanese and Korean cuisine. It is likewise used as an ingredient in vegetarian burgers, which are made in many Western countries. In Chinese cuisine, however, okara is rarely used.

Tofu made from other leguminous plants

Black bean tofu (Chinese 黑豆花, pinyin hēidòuhuā - "black tofu flower") is a type of tofu made from black soybeans, usually processed into a tofu flower (豆花, dòuhuā) instead of a solid or dried tofu. The texture of black bean tofu is slightly more gelatinous than a conventional tofu flower and has a gray-toned color. The black bean flavor is characteristic of this variety.

Peanut tofu (ryūkyū ジーマーミ豆腐, Jīmāmi dōfu) is made from peanuts and is considered a specialty of Okinawa.

Burmese tofu (in Burmese to hpu) is a type of tofu made from chickpea flour (chana dal) instead of soybeans. The shan variation uses pigeon peas instead. Both types are yellow in colour and are found only in Myanmar, although the Burmese variation is equally available in some overseas restaurants serving Burmese cuisine.